NATURE-LEDGER.md — the sovereign ledger of NATURE's observed regularities

What this file is. The ledger of record for the NATURA wing — every row of every ## The numbers table in encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-00 … NA-10 and cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-01 … CN-12, extracted and carried whole. It records nature's regularities, measured by other people, in published work, under the NATURA evidence vocabulary (§1 — twelve classes in three groups, since the six-class design was refuted by this file's own rows on 2026-07-15; see §3).

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0. Sovereignty (read first — this is the point of the file)

This ledger is SOVEREIGN FROM, and is NEVER MERGED WITH, CLAIM-LEDGER.md.

	This file — NATURE-LEDGER	CLAIM-LEDGER
Describes	nature's observed regularities	UNI's own build status
Vocabulary	the NATURA 12-value class (§1; six as designed + six registered by amendment 2026-07-15)	the UNI 4-value fence (proven · designed · hypothesized · not-yet-built)
Measured by	third parties, in published literature	UNI's own gates (PASS / FAIL / NEGATIVE / PENDING)
Authority over	every NA/CN chapter row	every UNI capability claim

THE CARDINAL RULE: a nature citation is NEVER a UNI gate. Reading Kleiber's law raises no UNI rung. Citing Douady & Couder does not make any UNI claim proven — that word is reserved for the UNI ledger and is never used in this file for nature's science. No row in this file raises, lowers, or discharges any row in CLAIM-LEDGER.md, and no row there bears on any row here. The two ledgers are cross-referenced by explicit audited link only, never by merge. There is no operation that takes a NATURA row and a UNI row and produces a stronger row of either kind.

The honest program position is untouched by every row below: ~2 of 11+ developmental rungs earned; a developmental active-inference SIMULATION; a toy world, never a person. If any row here appears to move that number, the row is being misread.

Supremacy. Per NA-00: where a chapter and this ledger disagree, the ledger wins and the chapter is wrong. This file is the wing's ledger of record, as named in ../README.md.

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1. The classes (NATURA vocabulary — twelve, in three groups)

Amended 2026-07-15. This section previously read "The six classes" and carried six rows. The six-class design was incomplete, and this ledger is the file that proved it: 72 of the 919 rows below fell outside it (the defect formerly recorded at §3, now closed). NA-00 registered six further classes; the prior wording and the strike are on record in NA-00's Amendment record. Twelve is a measured property of this corpus, not a design target.

Group A — measured (somebody put an instrument on nature; the class says how much independent corroboration exists)

Class	Means
OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Measured, and independently replicated across labs, datasets, or taxa. Carries a real citation, a falsifier, and the known range.
OBSERVED-SINGLE	(registered 2026-07-15) Measured, by a method another party could repeat, but no independent replication is on record. One line of evidence. Asserts the measurement; asserts nothing about corroboration. Promoted by an independent replication; demoted by a failed one.
OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Measured, but the community genuinely disputes the value, the exponent, or the mechanism. Both positions carried; the dispute named. A feature, not an embarrassment.

Group B — derived (the number came out of a model; the assumptions are the fence)

Class	Means
MODELED	Derived from a model that fits data. The model's assumptions are the fence.
MODELED-CONTESTED	(registered 2026-07-15) Derived from a model and genuinely disputed. Must survive both tests: assumptions named and both positions carried.
HYPOTHESIZED	Mechanism proposed, not settled. Not claimed.

Group C — fenced (the row carries no usable value; the class says precisely why not — these are not interchangeable)

Class	Means
INADMISSIBLE	A claim that failed observation, or that is unfalsifiable as stated. Carried with the receipt of why it failed. Never asserted, never mocked.
SUPERSEDED	(registered 2026-07-15) A value once carried in the literature, since retracted, withdrawn by its authors, or contradicted by a calibrated re-analysis. Kept as the receipt for why it must not be cited. Named SUPERSEDED and not NEGATIVE — NEGATIVE is a UNI ledger state and may not be borrowed into this vocabulary.
NOT-MEASURED	The honest empty face: nobody has measured it. Written instead of inventing a number. An absence in the literature.
NOT-SOURCED	(registered 2026-07-15) The chapter states a value it could not trace to a source. Measured by someone; source not located. An absence in this corpus's homework — a fact about us, not about nature. NEVER to be read as NOT-MEASURED.
NOT-CONFIRMED	(registered 2026-07-15) The primary is named, at one remove; it was not read in this pass. The chain is known and unwalked.
NOT-LOCATED	(registered 2026-07-15) A named source was searched for and not found. "We looked, and it wasn't there."

Carried, not classed — four rows, named individually (a closed list, not an open category):

Row	Why it carries no class
NA03-16	SI defining constants — definitional, exact by convention. Not observations of nature; no NATURA class applies.
CN04-22	Hoyle's 1953 prediction — a prediction is not a measurement. The measurement travels separately as CN04-23 (SIGNUM SIGNUM MANET).
CN11-59	First-person testimony — an HONEST signal, sovereign from the TRUE store and never calibrated. Not a NATURA class at all, and deliberately not given one.
CN12-41	anima in silicio? — NONDUM FALSIFICABILIS, a register status (extra Arborem, leguntur, non aguntur), not an evidence class.

Compound rows (2 of 919). CN05-31 and CN06-30 carry two classes because two parts of the row differ in standing. Each part's class is named to its part; the row is counted at its leading class. The class cell, not the count, is authoritative.

(Definitions per encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-00-how-to-read-this-wing.md, which is the authority on the vocabulary. This table is a restatement; where it and NA-00 disagree, NA-00 defines the class and this ledger's rows decide whether the definition survives contact.)

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2. How this file was built, and what it does NOT do

• Extraction only. Every symbol, value, units, scope, class, source and falsifier cell is what the chapter's own ## The numbers table wrote. No row was added that no chapter contains. No value was invented, improved, averaged, rounded, or completed. Where a chapter carried a row without a source, or with a withdrawn value, it is carried as written.
• The claim column is composed mechanically from the row's own symbol + value + units. It is a rendering of the row, not a new assertion — the chapters' tables have no claim column.
• Ranges, spreads and disputes are carried whole and are never averaged. Several rows exist specifically to forbid a merge (e.g. CN-01 Al₂SiO₅ triple point; CN-05 10.4 vs 10.6 bp/turn; CN-09 blue-whale fluid-loss corrections; CN-12 Rice & Salt generation counts).
• Negatives, withdrawals and self-caught defects are first-class rows, not omissions.

Row-count reconciliation, disclosed. The ## The numbers tables across the 23 chapters contain 918 rows. This ledger carries 919. The one extra row is named here rather than left for a reader to find:

• NA03-16 — the SI defining constants. These are written in NA-03's ## The numbers section but sit in the prose immediately below the table, not in it, because the chapter puts them there on purpose: "Definitional values, deliberately carrying NO evidence class (this is the point, not an omission) … These are exact by convention. They are not observations of nature and this wing's evidence classes do not apply to them." They are carried as a row because they are content the chapter deliberately placed in that section, they carry value + units + scope + source, and dropping them would lose the chapter's own lesson — know which of your numbers are conventions. The row's class cell records the chapter's designation verbatim, and it is counted in §5.2 as outside the six, never folded into a canonical class.

Every other row in this file is a table row. 918 + 1 = 919, and the 1 is this one.

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3. RECORDED DEFECT — the class vocabulary in use was wider than the six — CLOSED 2026-07-15

STATUS: CLOSED, 2026-07-15. The defect this section recorded is closed, on the terms this section itself pre-registered. The closure condition was written here, before the fix, in the file's own words: "register an explicit OBSERVED-SINGLE / OBSERVED-UNREPLICATED value (and NOT-SOURCED) in NA-00, then re-class the flagged rows to it." That is exactly what was done — OBSERVED-SINGLE was chosen from the two names offered here, and registered together with NOT-SOURCED and four further classes the rows demanded once counted.

The original text of this defect is preserved verbatim below. It is not edited, and it is not deleted. A closed defect that leaves no trace teaches nothing, and this one has the most useful property a defect can have: it was recorded by the chapters that suffered it, before anyone audited them.

What closed it: NA-00 Amendment 2026-07-15-A registered OBSERVED-SINGLE · MODELED-CONTESTED · SUPERSEDED · NOT-SOURCED · NOT-CONFIRMED · NOT-LOCATED, registered four rows as deliberately unclassed, and registered the compound-row convention. 47 rows in this file were re-classed: 42 OBSERVED → OBSERVED-SINGLE; 3 NEGATIVE → SUPERSEDED; 2 class cells (CN05-06, CN05-31) re-ordered to lead with their registered token, with the counted class unchanged. No value, source, or falsifier was touched in any row — machine-checked across all 919 rows and all 10 columns.

48 class cells differ in total, not 47. The 48th is NA03-16, and it is not a re-class: its class cell quotes NA-03's prose verbatim, and NA-03's sentence "this wing's six classes do not apply to them" went stale the moment the vocabulary became twelve. The chapter's sentence was corrected to "this wing's evidence classes do not apply to them" — the substance is unchanged and still true (no class applies to a definitional convention); only the numeral moved. The chapter and its three carried copies (this cell, §2's prose, and K20's K20-C-004) were changed in lockstep, because §2's carry-as-written rule means a quote that drifts from its source is a worse defect than the stale numeral was. NA03-16 remains deliberately unclassed.

Where the count went: the 72 out-of-vocabulary rows resolve as 68 now-registered + 4 deliberately unclassed. The six-class subtotal was 847 as published at §5.1 and is 847 now — not one row changed evidentiary standing, and not one row left the six, which is the arithmetic signature of a re-class that invented nothing. Current out-of-vocabulary count: 0 of 919 (§5). (One counting subtlety, disclosed rather than smoothed: under a strict leading-token count the old text yields 846, because CN05-31's cell read "rung MODELED; overall band OBSERVED-REPLICATED" and does not begin with a class token. §5.1 counted it at MODELED regardless — that is where its 251 came from — so the published subtotal was 847. The cell is now re-ordered to lead with MODELED, i.e. to parse as what it was always counted as. Value, source, falsifier and standing unchanged; only word order moved.)

One deviation from the closure condition, declared: this ledger's 3 NEGATIVE rows were not registered under that string. NEGATIVE is a UNI ledger state (PASS / FAIL / NEGATIVE / PENDING) and NA-00's crosswalk assigns it to the UNI side; registering it here would have put one token in both sovereign vocabularies and committed the lane-crossing the cardinal rule forbids — closing one defect by opening a worse one. They are registered as SUPERSEDED, which two of the three rows' own cells already said in words ("SUPERSEDED FRAMING", "SUPERSEDED — DO NOT CITE"). The reasoning is carried in full in NA-00's SUPERSEDED entry.

Verifier: ../tools/verify_class_vocabulary.py — written before the amendment, and the thing that keeps this defect closed. Run it after any edit to this file or to the machine twin. ⚠ Scope-corrected 2026-07-15-C — see §3.2. "This file or the machine twin" was the whole of the verifier's scope, and it was too narrow: it never opened the 23 chapters, and reported 0 while 52 chapter rows still carried the old strings. The sentence stands as written because it is the evidence of how the gap read from inside. The verifier now scans the chapters too, and prints its own scope before any result.

What is NOT closed by this. Two lines, not one.

1. The 22 untraced rows. The rows are correctly labelled; 22 of them are not repaired. NOT-SOURCED (20) · NOT-CONFIRMED (1) · NOT-LOCATED (1) still carry values this corpus could not trace to a primary. Each has a falsifier that would close it. Naming a defect precisely is not fixing it, and this ledger does not get to claim otherwise.
2. The 52 chapter rows this closure did not reach — see §3.2. This amendment closed this ledger and K20. It did not touch the chapters this file extracts: 52 rows across 10 of the 23 chapters carried the PRE-amendment class strings until AMENDMENT 2026-07-15-C. For one day this ledger disagreed with its own sources in the one column the amendment existed to fix, and §2's "carry as written" rule was therefore untrue of the class column — the ledger was ahead of the chapters, not a transcript of them. The chapters are now re-classed in lockstep and the two agree row-for-row; the gap is recorded rather than smoothed because a reader comparing this file to a chapter on 2026-07-15 would have found a difference this file never disclosed.

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3.1 The defect as originally recorded (preserved verbatim — do not edit)

The text below is the section as written before the 2026-07-15 closure. It is the record of what was believed and what was found, and it stands.

Surfaced, not patched. NA-00 declares "six classes and only six". The chapters do not all obey it. Extracting every row shows the wing in fact uses additional class strings — OBSERVED (bare: measured but not independently replicated), NOT-SOURCED, NOT-CONFIRMED, NOT-LOCATED, NEGATIVE, MODELED-CONTESTED, HONEST-class, NONDUM FALSIFICABILIS, and one row (NA-03's SI defining constants) deliberately carrying no class at all.

This is the wing's own finding, not this ledger's editorialising. CN-06 and CN-07 both record it explicitly, and CN-07 states the reason precisely: a result that is soundly measured, genuinely uncontested, and simply never independently replicated fits none of the six — "OBSERVED-REPLICATED asserts a replication that did not happen, and OBSERVED-CONTESTED asserts a dispute that does not exist. Both are false, in opposite directions." Both chapters flagged the fix as belonging at the ledger — and both noted that this file did not exist at the time, which is why the gap stayed open.

This ledger carries the classes exactly as written and counts them honestly in both vocabularies (§5). It does not mint a seventh class — that is NA-00's decision, not this file's. Falsifier / closure: register an explicit OBSERVED-SINGLE / OBSERVED-UNREPLICATED value (and NOT-SOURCED) in NA-00, then re-class the flagged rows to it.

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3.2 SCOPE CORRECTION — AMENDMENT 2026-07-15-C — the closure above was narrower than it read

The vocabulary amendment is not withdrawn. Twelve classes stand; no row's evidentiary standing moves; every count in §5 is unchanged. What was wrong is the scope of the closure, and the fact that neither this file nor its verifier said what the scope was.

The real number: 52. §3 records that 47 rows in this file were re-classed. It does not record that the chapters those rows were extracted from were not re-classed at all. The chapter-side residue was:

What the chapter cells still said	Rows	Re-classed to
bare / qualified OBSERVED	42	OBSERVED-SINGLE
NEGATIVE — the UNI ledger state, in a NATURA class column	3	SUPERSEDED
as above — a pointer, not a class (NA10-31 … NA10-35)	5	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (adopted constant), resolved from the literal cell of NA10-30, the row it points at
cells not leading with a token (CN05-06, CN05-31)	2	the re-ordered cells §3 already names
	52

42 + 3 + 2 = 47 — exactly the 47 re-classes §3 reports on this side. The chapters were the other half of the same edit, and only one half was made. The 5 as above cells never appear in §3's count because extraction had already resolved them into an explicit class; they were a chapter-only residue, invisible from this file.

The lane-crossing the reader could see (the 3 NEGATIVE cells). §3's deviation note explains at length why NEGATIVE was not registered into this vocabulary — it is a UNI ledger state and registering it here would put one token in both sovereign vocabularies. That reasoning was applied to this ledger and not to the chapters, so CN-01 and CN-04 went on printing **NEGATIVE (withdrawn)** and **NEGATIVE** in the Class column of a NATURA numbers table — where the reader renders them under a NATURA sigil. The cardinal rule was argued correctly in the ledger and violated in the chapters for a day. Now SUPERSEDED, mirroring this file.

Nothing but the class token moved. Each chapter cell was mirrored from this ledger's class — never invented — and the chapters' own qualifier text was kept verbatim rather than overwritten with this file's shorter restatement of it (this ledger abbreviates; e.g. CN07-05's cell here drops the chapter's verbatim Gordon & Hölldobler quotation and its 4.2 / ln 2 = 6.06 check). Value, units, scope, source and falsifier were asserted unchanged per row, per column, and the five as above cells still read as above in their Source and Falsifier columns, because only the Class column was in scope.

How it is kept closed. The verifier now carries CHAPTERS as a scope of its own, counted on its own line, alongside the ledger and K20 — and prints every scope it covers before it prints any result, so this gap cannot hide again. It also checks that each chapter's table still aligns row-for-row with §4, making ledger/chapter divergence a finding rather than a silence. Proven able to fail by three positive controls (a re-injected bare OBSERVED; a re-injected NEGATIVE; a deleted table row) — each caught, each exit 1. Post-fix: 0 in every scope, exit 0, and the chapters' class counts equal this file's exactly (918 = 919 − NA03-16, the one row that lives in NA-03's prose — §2's disclosed 918 + 1 = 919, arriving from the other direction).

50 or 52? Both — and the difference is the instrument, not the corpus. The audit that found this reported 50 rows across 9 files; this correction re-classed 52 across 10. The gap is fully accounted rather than split: 50 is the count reader/build.py emits as build notes, and its extract_natura_classes() accepts a registered class found anywhere in a cell; 52 is the leading-token count this file's §5 and its verifier use. Reconciled exactly:

52 − 5 + 3 = 50

• −5 the reader misses, each naming a class somewhere but not first: CN05-06 and CN05-31 (already named in §3), CN06-30 ("…the latency; MODELED — its identification with T"), and CN08-05 / CN08-24, whose qualifiers read "downgraded from OBSERVED-REPLICATED" — the cell cites the very class it was demoted from, and a substring rule reads that as the class. This is not a reader bug: extract_natura_classes() feeds a badge and says in its own docstring that it never invents a class. It is the right rule for rendering and the wrong rule for counting.
• +3 the reader adds that are not defects: CN04-22, CN11-59, CN12-41 — the deliberately unclassed rows of §1. The reader has no exemption list, so it reports them every build; they are the 3 notes that remain on the colophon after this fix, and they are correct.

Two instruments, two answers, one corpus. A count is not a fact until the rule that produced it is named — the same lesson §3 already recorded when 846 and 847 differed under two rules. The 52 stands, because a class cell must lead with its class: a row whose class has to be inferred from its qualifier is precisely the ambiguity that made CN05-31 need re-ordering.

Standing, without flattery. This raises nothing and discharges no gate. It closes a scope gap that should not have shipped, found by an outside audit and not by this file. The number went up when the instrument was pointed at the right files, and was named when two instruments disagreed.

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4. The ledger

Sorted by chapter, then by the order the row appears in that chapter's table.

NA-00 — How to read this wing (the second sovereign vocabulary)

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-00-how-to-read-this-wing.md · 17 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA00-01	NA-00	ψ = 137.507764050038… degrees	ψ	137.507764050038…	degrees	exact arithmetic: 360/φ², φ=(1+√5)/2	MODELED (derived)	definition	Not falsifiable — it is arithmetic. Falsify the plant claim instead (next row).
NA00-02	NA-00	ψ_obs = clusters near 137.5 degrees	ψ_obs	clusters near 137.5	degrees	spiral-phyllotactic vascular plants; NOT universal	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Douady & Couder (1992), Phys. Rev. Lett. 68:2098–2101, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.2098	Exhibit a well-sampled spiral-phyllotactic taxon sitting stably away from 137.5° with no repulsion-dynamics account.
NA00-03	NA-00	565/768 = 74% Fibonacci; 136/768 = 18% non-Fibonacci; 82% incl. predefined-type dimensionless (fraction of scored counts)	—	565/768 = 74% Fibonacci; 136/768 = 18% non-Fibonacci; 82% incl. predefined-type	dimensionless (fraction of scored counts)	657 Helianthus annuus seedheads; citizen-science; photoreviewed counts	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Swinton & Ochu (2016), R. Soc. Open Sci. 3:160091, DOI 10.1098/rsos.160091	Re-sample under the same explicit inclusion criteria and recover ~100% Fibonacci → the non-Fibonacci fraction was a scoring artifact.
NA00-04	NA-00	b = ≈ 0.74 (Brody, same year: ≈ 0.73) dimensionless (BMR ∝ M^b)	b	≈ 0.74 (Brody, same year: ≈ 0.73)	dimensionless (BMR ∝ M^b)	~13 spp mammals + birds, 1932 dataset	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Kleiber (1932), Hilgardia 6:315–353	See the dispute row below.
NA00-05	NA-00	b_WBE = 3/4 = 0.75 exactly dimensionless	b_WBE	3/4 = 0.75 exactly	dimensionless	conditional on: space-filling fractal branching network + size-invariant terminal units + minimised dissipation	MODELED	West, Brown & Enquist (1997), Science 276(5309):122–126, DOI 10.1126/science.276.5309.122	Exhibit a taxon meeting all three assumptions whose measured b excludes 0.75. Drop any assumption and 3/4 does not follow.
NA00-06	NA-00	b_WS = 0.686 ± 0.014 (95% CI); interordinal 0.65 dimensionless	b_WS	0.686 ± 0.014 (95% CI); interordinal 0.65	dimensionless	571 mammal spp; BMR normalised to 36.2 °C; excl. Artiodactyla, Macropodidae, Lagomorpha, Soricidae; interspecific ≈0.69, N=619, r²=0.94	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	White & Seymour (2003), PNAS 100(7):4046–4049, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0436428100; Dodds, Rothman & Weitz (2001), J. Theor. Biol. 209(1):9–27	Pre-register taxon set + temperature normalisation + regression unit, and show the CI is stable across all three. It currently is not — that is the dispute.
NA00-07	NA-00	f₁ = ≈ 7.83 Hz	f₁	≈ 7.83	Hz	Earth–ionosphere cavity, global; observed peaks are wide	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schumann (1952) predicted; Balser & Wagner (1960), Nature 188:638–641	Measure the cavity with calibrated ELF magnetometers and find no peak near 7.8 Hz.
NA00-08	NA-00	f₁ range = 7.5–8.1 (mode 1); station/component specific (e.g. 7.2–8.2 B_EW; 7.6–7.9 B_NS) Hz	f₁ range	7.5–8.1 (mode 1); station/component specific (e.g. 7.2–8.2 B_EW; 7.6–7.9 B_NS)	Hz	per-station, per-component — not a planetary constant	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as station data)	station ELF records; see NA-06	Show a single global diurnal curve reproducing all stations.
NA00-09	NA-00	f₁ global diurnal constant — no value carried	f₁ global diurnal constant	—	—	—	NOT-MEASURED	no single global figure found by this chapter's search; only station-specific ranges	Publish a station-independent global diurnal constant with its CI.
NA00-10	NA-00	f_ideal = ≈ 7.49 Hz	f_ideal	≈ 7.49	Hz	ideal lossless cavity: c ÷ Earth circumference (≈3.00×10⁵ km/s ÷ 4.0075×10⁴ km)	MODELED	textbook derivation	The ~0.34 Hz gap to 7.83 is the model's known error (finite ionospheric conductivity lowers propagation speed), not a mystery.
NA00-11	NA-00	B_SR = picotesla (pT) range T	B_SR	picotesla (pT) range	T	ELF background amplitudes	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Balser & Wagner (1960), Nature 188:638–641	Calibrated ELF magnetometry returning nanotesla-scale SR amplitudes.
NA00-12	NA-00	SR → human physiology — no value carried	SR → human physiology	—	—	ambient (pT) field strengths	NOT-MEASURED	no pre-registered, independently replicated dose–response found by this chapter's search	Pre-register and independently replicate a dose–response at ambient pT strengths.
NA00-13	NA-00	f_α = 8–13 (≈10 dominant) Hz	f_α	8–13 (≈10 dominant)	Hz	human posterior cortex; relaxed wakefulness; eyes closed	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Berger (1929), Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen; IFCN definition	Record posterior EEG, eyes closed, relaxed, and find no 8–13 Hz rhythm.
NA00-14	NA-00	f_WBV = 4–8 vertical; 1–2 horizontal; 4–16 hand/arm Hz	f_WBV	4–8 vertical; 1–2 horizontal; 4–16 hand/arm	Hz	human whole-body mechanical vibration sensitivity	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	ISO 2631-1:1997	Standard psychophysical protocol returning a flat frequency response.
NA00-15	NA-00	A4 = 440 ± 0.5 Hz	A4	440 ± 0.5	Hz	Western concert pitch, by convention, at ~20 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a standard, not a natural constant)	ISO 16:1975, Acoustics — Standard tuning frequency	It is a convention; only the claim that it is natural is falsifiable, and that claim is inadmissible.
NA00-16	NA-00	A4 = 432 "natural tuning" — no value carried	A4 = 432 "natural tuning"	—	—	—	INADMISSIBLE	names no measurand distinguishing it from any other convention	Name a measurable physical or biological quantity that differs between 440 and 432 Hz, and pre-register it.
NA00-17	NA-00	chakra frequency tables — no value carried	chakra frequency tables	—	—	—	INADMISSIBLE as physics	no measurand defined	May be recorded as an HONEST/cultural signal. Never as a TRUE/measured one.

NA-01 — Nature as the authority, and the discipline that keeps it honest

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-01-nature-as-the-authority.md · 18 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA01-01	NA-01	θ_φ = 137.5 degrees	θ_φ	137.5	degrees	divergence-angle attractor of repulsion-driven sequential primordia at low control parameter G; NOT a universal constant	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Douady & Couder (1992), PRL 68:2098–2101	Build the repulsion/advection system at low G; if divergence stably settles away from ~137.5°, the mechanism is refuted.
NA01-02	NA-01	N_C4 = 62 independent lineages (count)	N_C4	62	independent lineages (count)	vascular plants, global, as of 2011; later revisions higher (value NOT extracted here)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Sage, Christin & Edwards (2011), J. Exp. Bot. 62:3155–3169	Phylogenetic re-analysis collapsing the count toward a single origin.
NA01-03	NA-01	N_crab = ≥5 independent origins (count)	N_crab	≥5	independent origins (count)	Decapoda (Brachyura + Anomura)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wolfe et al. (2021), BioEssays 43:2100020, doi:10.1002/bies.202100020	Phylogeny showing crab body plan is ancestral + retained, not re-derived.
NA01-04	NA-01	f_eye-shared = 69.3 (729/1052) % of octopus-eye genes co-expressed in human eye	f_eye-shared	69.3 (729/1052)	% of octopus-eye genes co-expressed in human eye	single EST study; 1019/1052 predate the bilaterian LCA	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Ogura, Ikeo & Gojobori (2004), Genome Res. 14:1555–1561	RNA-seq replication showing eye-gene overlap at chance level for shared-ancestry genes.
NA01-05	NA-01	N_eyes = 40–65 independent origins (count)	N_eyes	40–65	independent origins (count)	organ/optical level only; the opsin+Pax6 toolkit is ancestral and shared	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Salvini-Plawen & Mayr (1977), Evol. Biol. 10:207–263; contested by Nilsson (2013), Vis. Neurosci. 30:5–20	Demonstrate non-homologous opsin/photoreceptor origins (would raise it), or a single optical origin (would collapse it).
NA01-06	NA-01	— (Prestin) = parallel substitutions cluster echolocating bats with toothed whales, against the species tree (sequence sites)	— (Prestin)	parallel substitutions cluster echolocating bats with toothed whales, against the species tree	(sequence sites)	the gene Prestin (cochlear outer-hair-cell motor protein); bats + toothed whales	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Li et al. (2010), Curr. Biol. 20(2):R55–R56; Liu et al. (2010), Curr. Biol. 20(2)	Resequencing in which Prestin tracks the species tree, not the echolocation trait.
NA01-07	NA-01	— (genome-wide) = reported genome-wide convergence signal (locus count NOT extracted here)	— (genome-wide)	reported genome-wide convergence signal (locus count NOT extracted here)	—	echolocating mammals, genome-wide	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Parker et al. (2013), Nature 502:228–231 vs Zou & Zhang (2015), MBE 32:1237–1241; Thomas & Hahn (2015), MBE 32:1232–1236; PNAS (2019) doi:10.1073/pnas.1818532116	An agreed null model under which the signal either survives or vanishes — the dispute IS about the null.
NA01-08	NA-01	ΔD_riblet = 9.9 % drag reduction	ΔD_riblet	9.9	% drag reduction	lab, blade riblets w/ slits, adjustable geometry, turbulent BL, stiff body, at optimum s⁺; other studies report 6–8% — regime/geometry dependent	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a 6–10% range)	Bechert et al. (1997), J. Fluid Mech. 338:59–87	Optimized riblets at s⁺≈15 giving no drag reduction in a calibrated turbulent BL.
NA01-09	NA-01	s⁺ = ≈15–17 wall units (dimensionless, s·u_τ/ν)	s⁺	≈15–17	wall units (dimensionless, s·u_τ/ν)	optimum riblet tip-to-tip spacing, turbulent boundary layer	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Bechert et al. (1997)	Drag-reduction optimum found at a spacing that does not scale with viscous length.
NA01-10	NA-01	h⁺/s⁺ = ≈0.5 dimensionless	h⁺/s⁺	≈0.5	dimensionless	blade-riblet height/spacing at optimum (0.5–1.0 reported)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Bechert et al. (1997)	Optimum at a materially different height ratio.
NA01-11	NA-01	Δv_skin = +12.3 % mean swimming-speed increase	Δv_skin	+12.3	% mean swimming-speed increase	flexible real shark-skin membrane on flapping foil vs denticles sanded off; on RIGID plates the sign REVERSES	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Oeffner & Lauder (2012), J. Exp. Biol. 215:785–795	Independent replication finding no speed gain from intact denticles on flexible foils.
NA01-12	NA-01	s_Speedo = ~1.25 mm (indentation spacing)	s_Speedo	~1.25	mm (indentation spacing)	Speedo® Fastskin FS II fabric — no consistent drag reduction; slower at 3 Hz	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a NEGATIVE)	Oeffner & Lauder (2012)	A controlled test showing the fabric's surface functions as riblets.
NA01-13	NA-01	F_seta = ~200 (friction); 20–40 (adhesive normal) µN	F_seta	~200 (friction); 20–40 (adhesive normal)	µN	single Tokay gecko seta	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Autumn et al. (2000), Nature 405:681–685; (2002) PNAS 99:12252–12256	Single-seta measurement at a materially different force, or capillary (not vdW) mechanism.
NA01-14	NA-01	L_RLN = ≥28 (14 m neck); 40–50 speculated m (axon length)	L_RLN	≥28 (14 m neck); 40–50 speculated	m (axon length)	sauropods; inferred from skeletal reconstruction — no tissue measured	MODELED	Wedel (2012), Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 57:251–256	A sauropod soft-tissue find showing a direct (non-recurrent) laryngeal route.
NA01-15	NA-01	L_RLN-giraffe = NOT-MEASURED m	L_RLN-giraffe	NOT-MEASURED	m	the giraffe detour is real and observed; the exact detour length was not sourced here	NOT-MEASURED	—	—
NA01-16	NA-01	f_SR1 = ≈7.83 Hz	f_SR1	≈7.83	Hz	fundamental Schumann mode, Earth–ionosphere cavity, global	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schumann (1952) prediction; experimental confirmation 1954	Calibrated ELF receiver, away from local sources, detecting no cavity resonance near 7.8 Hz.
NA01-17	NA-01	f_SR1 range = NOT-MEASURED Hz	f_SR1 range	NOT-MEASURED	Hz	diurnal/solar variation reported as ~7.5–8.1 Hz in secondary sources only; no primary-source range extracted — recorded empty rather than laundered	NOT-MEASURED	—	—
NA01-18	NA-01	Shinkansen = NOT-MEASURED %	Shinkansen	NOT-MEASURED	%	'30% pressure / 10% faster / 15% electricity' — no primary engineering source located; recurs verbatim across secondary sources (citation cascade)	NOT-MEASURED	Impelluso (2011), AAAS Qualia; Nakatsu interview (JFS No. 6)	Production of the primary JR-West engineering report with a parallel non-bio baseline.

NA-02 — The one loop: active inference as the method

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-02-the-one-loop.md · 11 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA02-01	NA-02	F = = D_KL[q(s)‖p(s|o)] − ln p(o) nats	F	= D_KL[q(s)‖p(s|o)] − ln p(o)	nats	any q,p with q absolutely continuous w.r.t. p on the support	MODELED (identity; assumption = the stated support condition)	Buckley et al. (2017) J Math Psych 81:55–79; Da Costa et al. (2020) J Math Psych 99:102447	Exhibit q,p,o with F < −ln p(o); requires D_KL < 0, contradicting Gibbs' inequality.
NA02-02	NA-02	F − (−ln p(o)) = >= 0; = 0 iff q(s) = p(s|o) nats	F − (−ln p(o))	>= 0; = 0 iff q(s) = p(s|o)	nats	as above	MODELED (Gibbs' inequality)	Buckley et al. (2017)	Exhibit q ≠ p(s|o) with zero gap.
NA02-03	NA-02	1 nat = log2(e) = 1.442695... bits per nat	1 nat	log2(e) = 1.442695...	bits per nat	any log-base change	MODELED (definitional)	Shannon information convention	Arithmetic.
NA02-04	NA-02	G(pi) = = risk + ambiguity = −epistemic − pragmatic nats	G(pi)	= risk + ambiguity = −epistemic − pragmatic	nats	discrete POMDP, convention q(o,s|pi) = p(o|s) q(s|pi)	MODELED (assumption = that convention; the epistemic form further assumes q(s|o,pi) ≈ p(s|o))	Da Costa et al. (2020); Parr, Pezzulo & Friston (2022) Active Inference, MIT Press, DOI 10.7551/mitpress/12441.001.0001	Derive a case where the two decompositions diverge under the stated convention.
NA02-05	NA-02	gamma = free parameter; no universal value nats^-1	gamma	free parameter; no universal value	nats^-1	gamma > 0	NOT-MEASURED	— (fit per model/subject; not a natural constant)	Exhibit a replicated cross-species measurement of a single gamma.
NA02-06	NA-02	gamma -> 0 / gamma -> inf = uniform over pi / deterministic argmin G dimensionless limits	gamma -> 0 / gamma -> inf	uniform over pi / deterministic argmin G	dimensionless limits	softmax sigma(−gamma·G)	MODELED	Friston et al. (2017) Neural Computation 29(1):1–49, DOI 10.1162/NECO_a_00912	Evaluate the softmax at the limits.
NA02-07	NA-02	golden angle = 360/phi^2 = 137.50776405... degrees	golden angle	360/phi^2 = 137.50776405...	degrees	exact mathematical constant, phi = (1+sqrt 5)/2	MODELED (exact)	definitional	Arithmetic.
NA02-08	NA-02	divergence angle, Douady–Couder cell = converges toward the golden angle as G_DC falls; Fibonacci parastichies appear degrees; G_DC = v0*T/r0 dimensionless	divergence angle, Douady–Couder cell	converges toward the golden angle as G_DC falls; Fibonacci parastichies appear	degrees; G_DC = v0*T/r0 dimensionless	ferrofluid droplets in silicone oil, vertical B-field with radial gradient; plus the matched numerical model	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (physical experiment + simulation; extended in the authors' 1996 J. Theor. Biol. series)	Douady & Couder (1992) Phys. Rev. Lett. 68(13):2098–2101, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.2098	Run the cell at small G_DC and observe a stable divergence angle away from the golden angle, or non-Fibonacci parastichy pairs.
NA02-09	NA-02	fraction of parameter space where the FEP's blanket + solenoidal conditions hold = reported as "very narrow"; no scalar fraction extracted here dimensionless fraction	fraction of parameter space where the FEP's blanket + solenoidal conditions hold	reported as "very narrow"; no scalar fraction extracted here	dimensionless fraction	weakly-coupled non-equilibrium linear stochastic systems	NOT-MEASURED as a scalar; the scope restriction itself is OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Aguilera et al. (2022) Phys. Life Rev. 40:24–50	Publish a measure-theoretic fraction over a stated parameter prior.
NA02-10	NA-02	biological systems observed to explicitly compute G(pi) — no value carried	biological systems observed to explicitly compute G(pi)	—	count	any taxon	NOT-MEASURED	—	Exhibit a pre-registered neural recording decoding a per-policy G in nats.
NA02-11	NA-02	divergence-angle distribution across real plant taxa — no value carried	divergence-angle distribution across real plant taxa	—	degrees	seed plants	NOT-MEASURED in this chapter (not a claim it is unmeasured in the literature — this chapter did not source it)	—	Cite a taxon-level measured distribution with n and dispersion.

NA-03 — How to research, observe, and make new science with falsifiable evidence

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-03-how-to-make-new-science.md · 16 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA03-01	NA-03	FPR₄ = 60.7 % (at p<.05)	FPR₄	60.7	% (at p<.05)	15,000 simulated samples; 2-condition design, 20 obs/cell, 4 combined researcher DFs. Individually: 9.5 / 7.7 / 11.7 / 12.6 %	MODELED	Simmons, Nelson & Simonsohn (2011), Psych. Sci. 22(11):1359–1366, Table 1	Re-run the published simulation under the stated assumptions and obtain a materially different rate.
NA03-02	NA-03	r_rep = 36 (vs 97 originals) % significant at p<.05	r_rep	36 (vs 97 originals)	% significant at p<.05	100 studies, 3 psychology journals, 2008 volumes; does NOT generalize to other fields un-remeasured	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Open Science Collaboration (2015), Science 349:aac4716	Contested by Gilbert et al. (2016), Science 351:1037 (low power + protocol infidelity bias the estimate low); OSC replied same issue. Both carried.
NA03-03	NA-03	RR⁺ = 96 vs 44 % positive results (standard lit. vs Registered Reports)	RR⁺	96 vs 44	% positive results (standard lit. vs Registered Reports)	Sample of standard psychology literature vs published RRs	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Scheel, Schijen & Lakens (2021), AMPPS, doi:10.1177/25152459211007467	Descriptive gap undisputed; causal attribution to preregistration disputed — RRs differ in topic/design too.
NA03-04	NA-03	power_med = 21 % (median statistical power)	power_med	21	% (median statistical power)	49 meta-analyses, 730 studies, 2011 neuroscience literature	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Button et al. (2013), Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14:365–376, doi:10.1038/nrn3475	Nord et al. (2017), J. Neurosci. 37(34):8051–8061 refit with mixture modelling: substantial subfield heterogeneity, not one field-wide median.
NA03-05	NA-03	bias_conceal = 41 / 30 / 17 % OR exaggeration (inadequate / unclear concealment / not double-blind)	bias_conceal	41 / 30 / 17	% OR exaggeration (inadequate / unclear concealment / not double-blind)	250 trials, 33 meta-analyses, Cochrane Pregnancy & Childbirth Database	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schulz et al. (1995), JAMA 273(5):408–412, doi:10.1001/jama.273.5.408	Replicated + scoped by Wood et al. (2008) BMJ (1,346 trials) and Savović et al. (2012) Ann. Intern. Med. 157(6):429–438 (1,973 trials): ROR 0.69 [0.59–0.82] concealment / 0.75 [0.61–0.93] blinding for SUBJECTIVE outcomes; 0.91 [0.80–1.03] / 1.01 [0.92–1.10] for objective.
NA03-06	NA-03	Δ_MM = expected 0.40; observed max 0.02, mean <0.01 fringes	Δ_MM	expected 0.40; observed max 0.02, mean <0.01	fringes	Michelson interferometer, Cleveland 1887; bounds ether drift < ~1/6 × 30 km/s ≈ <5 km/s	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Michelson & Morley (1887), Am. J. Sci. (3rd ser.) 34:333–345	Any reproducible fringe displacement at the predicted 0.40 magnitude.
NA03-07	NA-03	δ_GR / δ_N = 1.75 / 0.87 arcsec (deflection at solar limb)	δ_GR / δ_N	1.75 / 0.87	arcsec (deflection at solar limb)	Predictions, not measurements: GR vs Newtonian half-deflection	MODELED	Dyson, Eddington & Davidson (1920), Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 220:291–333, doi:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009	A measurement excluding both values.
NA03-08	NA-03	δ_1919 = Sobral 1.98 ± 0.12; Príncipe 1.61 ± 0.31 arcsec	δ_1919	Sobral 1.98 ± 0.12; Príncipe 1.61 ± 0.31	arcsec	1919 eclipse, 2 sites. Excludes Newtonian (~9.3σ / ~2.4σ — the chapter's arithmetic on the published values); does NOT pin GR (Sobral ~1.9σ above 1.75)	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	ibid.; commentary PMC4360090	The Sobral 16-inch plate set was EXCLUDED as 'diffused and apparently out of focus' — a disclosed exclusion travels with this result permanently.
NA03-09	NA-03	Δt_OPERA = 60.7 ± 6.9 (stat) ± 7.4 (sys) → 6.5 ± 15 ns (neutrino early-arrival, 730 km baseline)	Δt_OPERA	60.7 ± 6.9 (stat) ± 7.4 (sys) → 6.5 ± 15	ns (neutrino early-arrival, 730 km baseline)	(v−c)/c ≈ 2.48 × 10⁻⁵ initially; refuted 2012	INADMISSIBLE	OPERA Collab. (2011), arXiv:1109.4897; 2012 re-measurement	FAILED: loose GPS fibre connector (~73.2 ns) + master-clock oscillator off 0.124 ppm. Re-measured 6.5 ± 15 ns = consistent with zero. Receipt carried, claim withdrawn.
NA03-10	NA-03	Δϖ_Mercury = ~43 arcsec/century (unexplained perihelion precession)	Δϖ_Mercury	~43	arcsec/century (unexplained perihelion precession)	Residual after Newtonian planetary perturbations; Le Verrier 1859 (38″), Newcomb 1882 (43″)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Le Verrier (1859); Newcomb (1882); Einstein (1915/1916)	A Newtonian account (undiscovered mass, oblateness) reproducing the residual without new gravity.
NA03-11	NA-03	T_ant = ≈3.5 K (excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mc/s)	T_ant	≈3.5	K (excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mc/s)	Holmdel horn antenna, 1964–65; survived removal of every known instrumental/atmospheric term, incl. the pigeons	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Penzias & Wilson (1965), ApJ 142:419–421	An instrumental or local source reproducing the excess.
NA03-12	NA-03	T_CMB = 2.72548 ± 0.00057 K	T_CMB	2.72548 ± 0.00057	K	Present-day CMB monopole temperature	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fixsen (2009), ApJ 707:916	A measurement outside the stated interval by a calibrated instrument.
NA03-13	NA-03	α_golden = ≈137.5 degrees (divergence angle)	α_golden	≈137.5	degrees (divergence angle)	Phyllotactic order; reproduced in a ferrofluid-droplet physical experiment AND numerical simulation from repulsion + growth rate	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Douady & Couder (1992), Phys. Rev. Lett. 68:2098–2101	A repulsion-dynamics system at the stated growth parameter failing to converge on the golden mean.
NA03-14	NA-03	NOT-MEASURED	—	NOT-MEASURED	—	The rate at which strong inference (§2) actually accelerates a field vs conventional practice. Platt asserts it ('perhaps by an order of magnitude'); no controlled measurement is cited here	NOT-MEASURED	—	An empirical study measuring discovery rate against method adherence would fill this row.
NA03-15	NA-03	NOT-MEASURED	—	NOT-MEASURED	—	The false-positive rate of the ACTUAL published literature (as opposed to Simmons' simulation or Ioannidis' model)	NOT-MEASURED	—	A field-wide audit with a ground-truth set would fill this row.
NA03-16	NA-03	SI defining constants = Δν_Cs = 9 192 631 770 Hz; c = 299 792 458 m/s; h = 6.626 070 15 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s; e = 1.602 176 634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C; k = 1.380 649 × 10⁻²³ J/K; N_A = 6.022 140 76 × 10²³ mol⁻¹ Hz, m/s, J·s, C, J/K, mol⁻¹	SI defining constants	Δν_Cs = 9 192 631 770 Hz; c = 299 792 458 m/s; h = 6.626 070 15 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s; e = 1.602 176 634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C; k = 1.380 649 × 10⁻²³ J/K; N_A = 6.022 140 76 × 10²³ mol⁻¹	Hz, m/s, J·s, C, J/K, mol⁻¹	exact by convention, effective 20 May 2019	(NO evidence class — chapter states: 'Definitional values, deliberately carrying NO evidence class … They are not observations of nature and this wing's evidence classes do not apply to them.')	BIPM, SI Brochure, 9th ed., 2019	Not falsifiable — conventions, not observations. The chapter's instruction is: know which of your numbers are conventions.

NA-04 — MIND / BODY / MIND.BODY / WORLD — the Markov blanket, nested across scales

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-04-mind-body-world.md · 14 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA04-01	NA-04	μ ⊥ η | b = p(μ,η|b) = p(μ|b)p(η|b) — (definition)	μ ⊥ η | b	p(μ,η|b) = p(μ|b)p(η|b)	— (definition)	any system admitting the 4-way partition	MODELED (definitional; assumption = the partition is given, not discovered)	Pearl (1988), Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems	Not falsifiable as a definition. The application to system X is falsified by I(μ;η|b) > 0 in X.
NA04-02	NA-04	I(μ;η|b) = 0 (required) nats	I(μ;η|b)	0 (required)	nats	the operable blanket test, any system	NOT-MEASURED for essentially all real biological systems	criterion: Pearl (1988); attempts: Friston et al. (2021) Netw Neurosci 5(1):211–251; Beck & Ramstead (2025) arXiv:2502.21217	Estimate it for a named organism's real boundary. Any I > 0 beyond estimator noise refutes that blanket.
NA04-03	NA-04	H_μη, H_ημ = 0 (required) precision units	H_μη, H_ημ	0 (required)	precision units	linear Gaussian / Ornstein–Uhlenbeck systems	MODELED — holds only in a 'very narrow space of parameters' (assumptions: linearity, weak coupling C² small, homogeneous noise Γ = ς²I)	Aguilera, Millidge, Tschantz & Buckley (2022), Physics of Life Reviews, arXiv:2105.11203	Exhibit a broad, non-symmetric parameter region of a non-equilibrium system where the blocks vanish.
NA04-04	NA-04	N_rod = 92 × 10⁶ (range 77.9–107.3 × 10⁶) cells	N_rod	92 × 10⁶ (range 77.9–107.3 × 10⁶)	cells	human retina; 8 wholemounts, 7 donors, ages 27–44	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Curcio, Sloan, Kalina & Hendrickson (1990), J Comp Neurol 292:497–523, DOI 10.1002/cne.902920402	Recount in a comparable cohort; a mean outside the stated range refutes.
NA04-05	NA-04	N_cone = 4.6 × 10⁶ (range 4.08–5.29 × 10⁶) cells	N_cone	4.6 × 10⁶ (range 4.08–5.29 × 10⁶)	cells	as above	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Curcio et al. (1990)	As above.
NA04-06	NA-04	D_cone,fovea = 199,000 (range 100,000–324,000) cones/mm²	D_cone,fovea	199,000 (range 100,000–324,000)	cones/mm²	human foveal peak; same cohort	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Curcio et al. (1990)	As above.
NA04-07	NA-04	N_optic = 1,159,000 ± 196,000 (range 816,000–1,502,000) axons	N_optic	1,159,000 ± 196,000 (range 816,000–1,502,000)	axons	human optic nerve; 22 nerves, 19 subjects, ages 20–75	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jonas, Müller-Bergh, Schlötzer-Schrehardt & Naumann (1990), Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31(4):736–744	Recount; a mean outside the stated range refutes.
NA04-08	NA-04	r_retina = ≈ 83 : 1 dimensionless	r_retina	≈ 83 : 1	dimensionless	human visual blanket, order-of-magnitude only	MODELED — assumptions: (N_rod + N_cone)/N_optic across different cohorts, unpaired, no per-eye matching, ignores non-uniform convergence (foveal ≈ 1:1 vs peripheral ≫ 100:1)	arithmetic on Curcio et al. (1990) + Jonas et al. (1990)	Measure both counts in the same eyes. A paired ratio outside ~50–150:1 refutes this estimate.
NA04-09	NA-04	f_aff (rat) = ~80% afferent / 20% efferent % of fibers	f_aff (rat)	~80% afferent / 20% efferent	% of fibers	rat, abdominal vagus	OBSERVED-CONTESTED — the widely-quoted '80% of the vagus is afferent', routinely cited outside this scope	Prechtl & Powley (1990), Anat Embryol 181:101–115, DOI 10.1007/BF00198950	Measure the human cervical vagus and obtain 80% ± small. Kronsteiner et al. (2024) did, and did not.
NA04-10	NA-04	f_aff (human) = sensory 73.9 ± 7.5% (R), 72.4 ± 5.6% (L); parasympathetic 13.2 ± 1.8% / 13.3 ± 3.0%; sympathetic 13 ± 5.9% / 14.3 ± 4.0% % of fibers	f_aff (human)	sensory 73.9 ± 7.5% (R), 72.4 ± 5.6% (L); parasympathetic 13.2 ± 1.8% / 13.3 ± 3.0%; sympathetic 13 ± 5.9% / 14.3 ± 4.0%	% of fibers	human, cervical vagus; 8 cadavers, immunofluorescence	OBSERVED-CONTESTED — carry with the row above; both positions stand	Kronsteiner et al. (2024), Brain Stimulation 17(3):510–524, DOI 10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.016	Independent replication in a larger cohort; a sensory fraction outside ~65–82% refutes.
NA04-11	NA-04	N_vagus = ~100,000 (light microscopy, 1961) vs 25,489 ± 2,781 (R) / 23,286 ± 3,164 (L) (modern, 2024) axons	N_vagus	~100,000 (light microscopy, 1961) vs 25,489 ± 2,781 (R) / 23,286 ± 3,164 (L) (modern, 2024)	axons	human cervical vagus	OBSERVED-CONTESTED — a ~4× disagreement between methods. The dispute is the finding; the modern claim is that light microscopy cannot resolve unmyelinated fibers	Hoffman & Schnitzlein (1961), Anat Rec 139(3), DOI 10.1002/ar.1091390312; Kronsteiner et al. (2024)	Blinded EM recount across labs on shared specimens. Convergence on either value resolves it.
NA04-12	NA-04	α_golden = ≈ 137.5 degrees	α_golden	≈ 137.5	degrees	phyllotactic divergence; reproduced in a ferrofluid-droplet physical analogue	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (mechanism earned, not mystical)	Douady & Couder (1992), Phys Rev Lett 68(13):2098–2101, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.2098	Run the same repulsion/advection regime and obtain a stably different angle with no parameter change.
NA04-13	NA-04	n_levels — no value carried	n_levels	—	nested blankets	any named organism, established by measurement	NOT-MEASURED	none found	Estimate I(μ;η|b) at each candidate level of one real organism and count the levels that pass.
NA04-14	NA-04	descending motor signal = proprioceptive prediction, not command	descending motor signal	proprioceptive prediction, not command	—	vertebrate motor system	HYPOTHESIZED (mechanism proposed, not settled)	Adams, Shipp & Friston (2013), Brain Struct Funct 218:611–643, DOI 10.1007/s00429-012-0475-5	Show descending signals encode forces/commands with no proprioceptive-prediction structure, or reflex arcs that do not discharge predicted state.

NA-05 — The ratios: allometry and scaling laws across 20+ orders of magnitude

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-05-ratios-and-scaling-laws.md · 47 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA05-01	NA-05	b_Kleiber = 3/4 (measured slope reported 0.74) dimensionless	b_Kleiber	3/4 (measured slope reported 0.74)	dimensionless	BMR vs mass, 13 data points	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Kleiber 1932, Hilgardia 6:315–353; n=13 per Kolokotrones et al. 2010, Nature 464:753–756	See every row below; the dispute IS the falsification record.
NA05-02	NA-05	b_Rubner = 2/3 dimensionless	b_Rubner	2/3	dimensionless	surface-law argument; respiration trials on dogs	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Rubner 1883	Data rejecting 2/3 at a stated mass range.
NA05-03	NA-05	b_Savage,binned = 0.737 dimensionless	b_Savage,binned	0.737	dimensionless	mammal BMR, 0.1 log-unit bins	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Savage et al. 2004, Funct Ecol 18:257–282 (95% CI 0.711–0.762, n=52)	Re-fit with different binning.
NA05-04	NA-05	b_Savage,unbinned = 0.712 dimensionless	b_Savage,unbinned	0.712	dimensionless	mammal BMR, all species — CI excludes 2/3 and 3/4	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Savage et al. 2004 (95% CI 0.699–0.724, n=626)	Re-fit; show binning is not what moves the verdict.
NA05-05	NA-05	b_White&Seymour = 0.68 (interspecific); 0.65 (interordinal) — both ≠ 3/4, both = 2/3 within error dimensionless	b_White&Seymour	0.68 (interspecific); 0.65 (interordinal) — both ≠ 3/4, both = 2/3 within error	dimensionless	619 spp. → 469 after excluding Artiodactyla, Lagomorpha, Soricidae, Macropodidae; T_b-corrected to 36.2 °C, Q₁₀=3.0	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	White & Seymour 2003, PNAS 100(7):4046–9 (CIs not read in this pass)	A dataset with equivalent basal-condition rigour giving 3/4.
NA05-06	NA-05	b_WS,BMR / SMR / RMRt = 0.686±0.014 / 0.675±0.013 / 0.712±0.013 dimensionless	b_WS,BMR / SMR / RMRt	0.686±0.014 / 0.675±0.013 / 0.712±0.013	dimensionless	exponent depends on which rate is measured; the BMR/SMR figures are White & Seymour's own 2003 fits restated in their 2005 review — same authors, same dataset, same regression, so not a replication	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (re-classed: the identical underlying result is OBSERVED-CONTESTED two rows up; one result cannot hold two classes)	White & Seymour 2003, as tabulated in White & Seymour 2005, J Exp Biol 208:1611	Show the three definitions give one exponent.
NA05-07	NA-05	b₂ (curvature) = 0.0322 ± 0.0053 (P = 9.0×10⁻¹⁰); 0.0294 ± 0.0057 with T dimensionless	b₂ (curvature)	0.0322 ± 0.0053 (P = 9.0×10⁻¹⁰); 0.0294 ± 0.0057 with T	dimensionless	McNab dataset, n=636 (447 with T); unit-scale invariant	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Kolokotrones et al. 2010, Nature 464:753–756, Table 1	MacKay 2011 — see contested row; reply: Deeds, Savage & Fontana 2011.
NA05-08	NA-05	b₁ = 0.5400 ± 0.0295 (0.5371 ± 0.0305 with T) dimensionless	b₁	0.5400 ± 0.0295 (0.5371 ± 0.0305 with T)	dimensionless	artifact of M₀ = 1 g; not interpretable alone	INADMISSIBLE as 'the exponent'	Kolokotrones et al. 2010; objection: MacKay 2011, J Theor Biol 280(1):194–6; reply: Deeds, Savage & Fontana 2011, 280:197–8 — concedes the artifact, calls it irrelevant to curvature; the class stands either way	Derive: under M'=kM, b₁' = b₁ − 2b₂log k.
NA05-09	NA-05	local slope = 0.57 → 0.87 (rises with mass) dimensionless	local slope	0.57 → 0.87 (rises with mass)	dimensionless	~3.6 g to ~460 kg; = b₁ + 2b₂log₁₀M	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Kolokotrones Table 1; matches their stated range	Arithmetic error.
NA05-10	NA-05	M(slope=2/3) = ~160 g (temp fit); ~93 g (no-temp fit) g	M(slope=2/3)	~160 g (temp fit); ~93 g (no-temp fit)	g	mass where local slope = 2/3	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
NA05-11	NA-05	M(slope=3/4) = ~4.2 kg (temp fit); ~1.8 kg (no-temp fit) kg	M(slope=3/4)	~4.2 kg (temp fit); ~1.8 kg (no-temp fit)	kg	mass where local slope = 3/4	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
NA05-12	NA-05	M(slope=1) = ~7.4 × 10⁷ g ≈ 74 t g	M(slope=1)	~7.4 × 10⁷ g ≈ 74 t	g	proposed upper bound on animal size — EXTRAPOLATION: ~2.2 decades beyond the fitted data, which end at ~460 kg (local slope 0.87). Kolokotrones et al.'s own two hedges: the unbounded slope rise 'may be due to the paucity of data for large animals', and the size-limit reading holds only 'If this is correct'	MODELED (extrapolated — rule 1 applies to this row)	Computed in-chapter; Kolokotrones et al. state ~10⁸ g (100 t)	A larger animal; or the slope not reaching 1.
NA05-13	NA-05	ΔR² from curvature = 0.958 → 0.961; 7% of unexplained variance per Kolokotrones, ~one-tenth per MacKay	ΔR² from curvature	0.958 → 0.961; 7% of unexplained variance per Kolokotrones, ~one-tenth per MacKay	—	small purchase — always carry this next to the P value	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kolokotrones et al. 2010 (95.8→96.1%, 7%); MacKay 2011 (~1/10)	Recompute; the two sources state the same ΔR² and differ on the fraction.
NA05-14	NA-05	k_marsupial = 0.75 ± 0.01, R² = 0.990 dimensionless	k_marsupial	0.75 ± 0.01, R² = 0.990	dimensionless	70 marsupials (McNab 2008), excluding Tarsipes rostratus + Lasiorhinus latifrons	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	MacKay 2011	Re-fit with the 2 species retained.
NA05-15	NA-05	curvature within Orders = significant only in Rodentia (p=0.02, 0.02 of variance) — but pooled across all eutheria the quadratic term 'remains significant' under the same test, MacKay's own words	curvature within Orders	significant only in Rodentia (p=0.02, 0.02 of variance) — but pooled across all eutheria the quadratic term 'remains significant' under the same test, MacKay's own words	—	residual-based test; the near-vanishing is a within-Order result only	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	MacKay 2011	Independent within-Order test.
NA05-16	NA-05	reply to MacKay = b₁ artifact conceded, argued irrelevant (only b₂ assesses curvature); MacKay's two-step residual test called 'sub-optimal by construction'; curvature reported to survive T_b, phylogeny, food source and habitat	reply to MacKay	b₁ artifact conceded, argued irrelevant (only b₂ assesses curvature); MacKay's two-step residual test called 'sub-optimal by construction'; curvature reported to survive T_b, phylogeny, food source and habitat	—	rebuttal by 3 of Kolokotrones et al.'s 4 authors — not independent; silent on Hayssen & Lacy (1985) and on the 70-marsupial fit	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Deeds, Savage & Fontana 2011, J Theor Biol 280:197–198, doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.03.036	Answer the two receipts it leaves standing; or an independent party adjudicating the residual-test dispute.
NA05-17	NA-05	WBE assumptions = space-filling fractal network; size-invariant terminal unit; energy minimisation	WBE assumptions	space-filling fractal network; size-invariant terminal unit; energy minimisation	—	derivation of 3/4	MODELED	West, Brown & Enquist 1997, Science 276:122–126	The assumptions are the fence — see rows below.
NA05-18	NA-05	WBE finite-size form = M = c₀B + c₁B^(4/3), both c > 0 → concave; data are convex	WBE finite-size form	M = c₀B + c₁B^(4/3), both c > 0 → concave; data are convex	—	wrong sign of curvature	MODELED (refuted on this point)	Kolokotrones et al. 2010	Show c₁ < 0 follows from WBE's own minimisation.
NA05-19	NA-05	b_heart = −1/4 dimensionless	b_heart	−1/4	dimensionless	resting mammals; L&H state no n and no mass range for the resting-HR claim — their 34-species / 7 g–500 kg series is maximal heart rate (−0.15) and VO₂max, not this row	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Lindstedt & Hoppeler 2023, J Exp Biol 226(24):jeb245766 — 'resting heart rate scales as M–1/4'	Modern re-fit with CI outside −0.30 to −0.20.
NA05-20	NA-05	f prefactor (heart rate) = NOT-MEASURED in this pass. 241 (bpm, M in kg) is widely quoted but appears nowhere in Lindstedt & Hoppeler 2023, and the Calder/Stahl primary was not read bpm	f prefactor (heart rate)	NOT-MEASURED in this pass. 241 (bpm, M in kg) is widely quoted but appears nowhere in Lindstedt & Hoppeler 2023, and the Calder/Stahl primary was not read	bpm	—	NOT-MEASURED	none read; attributed to Calder's cardiac allometry — the citation does not carry the value	Read Calder 1984, Size, Function and Life History, or Stahl 1967; print the coefficient it gives.
NA05-21	NA-05	b_lifespan,mammal = 0.153 (t_max = 4.88·M^0.153 yr, M in g), R²=0.66 dimensionless	b_lifespan,mammal	0.153 (t_max = 4.88·M^0.153 yr, M in g), R²=0.66	dimensionless	856 mammals, cetaceans excluded — not 1/4	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	de Magalhães, Costa & Church 2007, J Gerontol A 62(2)	Re-fit giving CI containing 0.25.
NA05-22	NA-05	b_lifespan,bird = 0.218 (t_max = 5.22·M^0.218 yr), R²=0.70 dimensionless	b_lifespan,bird	0.218 (t_max = 5.22·M^0.218 yr), R²=0.70	dimensionless	518 birds	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	de Magalhães et al. 2007 ('body mass explained 70% of the variation in tmax')	As above.
NA05-23	NA-05	b_VO₂max = 0.872 dimensionless	b_VO₂max	0.872	dimensionless	34 eutherian species, 7 g – 500 kg — vs basal ~0.70	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Lindstedt & Hoppeler 2023	Show basal and max share an exponent.
NA05-24	NA-05	beats/lifetime = 7.3 ± 5.6 × 10⁸ — ± convention not stated in the source; read here as SD → 77% of mean beats	beats/lifetime	7.3 ± 5.6 × 10⁸ — ± convention not stated in the source; read here as SD → 77% of mean	beats	mammals	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Levine 1997, J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1104–6	An 'invariant' needs a CV that does not span an order of magnitude. If the ± is a SEM the species spread is wider still and this row strengthens.
NA05-25	NA-05	beats/lifetime, human = ~2.9 × 10⁹ (70 bpm × 80 yr); Levine quotes ~3 × 10⁹ beats	beats/lifetime, human	~2.9 × 10⁹ (70 bpm × 80 yr); Levine quotes ~3 × 10⁹	beats	the conspicuous exception, ~4× the mammal mean	MODELED (computed in-chapter) + OBSERVED	Computed in-chapter; Levine 1997 states humans are the exception	Arithmetic; or a mammal line that humans fall on.
NA05-26	NA-05	beats/lifetime, other = tortoise 5.6×10⁸; haddock 3.5×10⁷; brown trout 6.7×10⁷; Daphnia 1.3×10⁷ beats	beats/lifetime, other	tortoise 5.6×10⁸; haddock 3.5×10⁷; brown trout 6.7×10⁷; Daphnia 1.3×10⁷	beats	fish are an order of magnitude below mammals	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as reported by Levine 1997)	Levine 1997	Independent measurement.
NA05-27	NA-05	beats/lifetime scaling = ∝ M^(−0.097) → ~4.8× decline over 7 decades of mass dimensionless	beats/lifetime scaling	∝ M^(−0.097) → ~4.8× decline over 7 decades of mass	dimensionless	composition of −0.25 and +0.153	MODELED (computed in-chapter)	Computed from Lindstedt & Hoppeler 2023 + de Magalhães et al. 2007	Measure beats/lifetime vs mass directly in one dataset — this composition mixes sources (M22).
NA05-28	NA-05	D_O₂,water = 2.0 × 10⁻⁹ (= 2000 µm²/s) m²/s	D_O₂,water	2.0 × 10⁻⁹ (= 2000 µm²/s)	m²/s	room temperature — but fed into a 37 °C calculation in R_max below; the mismatch is stated there, not hidden	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 114984; St-Denis & Fell 1971, Can J Chem Eng 49:885	Independent measurement >2× off.
NA05-29	NA-05	C₀ (dissolved arterial O₂) = 0.134 (0.3 mL O₂/100 mL at PaO₂ 100 mmHg) mol/m³	C₀ (dissolved arterial O₂)	0.134 (0.3 mL O₂/100 mL at PaO₂ 100 mmHg)	mol/m³	Henry's law, 0.003 mL·O₂/100 mL/mmHg	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard physiology; primary not read in this pass)	standard respiratory physiology	Measurement outside 0.10–0.16.
NA05-30	NA-05	C_sat,water,37 °C = 207.3 (0.207 mol/m³) µM	C_sat,water,37 °C	207.3 (0.207 mol/m³)	µM	air-saturated pure water, 100 kPa	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary: Bioblast)	Bioblast, Oxygen solubility	Primary thermodynamic table disagreeing >10%.
NA05-31	NA-05	a (resting O₂ use) = 2.66 × 10⁻³ mol m⁻³ s⁻¹	a (resting O₂ use)	2.66 × 10⁻³	mol m⁻³ s⁻¹	250 mL O₂/min, 70 kg, ρ = 1000 kg/m³	MODELED (computed in-chapter)	Computed; VO₂ rest is a standard reference value, not primary-sourced in this pass	Refute the 250 mL/min input.
NA05-32	NA-05	R_max = ~0.78 at room-temperature D; ~0.95 at 37 °C mm	R_max	~0.78 at room-temperature D; ~0.95 at 37 °C	mm	sphere, √(6DC₀/a), human resting metabolism — D is room-temperature, the calculation is 37 °C; a 37 °C D is NOT-SOURCED in this pass	MODELED (computed in-chapter)	Computed from the three rows above	Exhibit tissue >1.5 mm thick living on dissolved-O₂ diffusion at this a. The condition error widens the bound — it does not rescue the conclusion.
NA05-33	NA-05	Krogh radius (observed) = 50–100 (intercapillary 100–200) µm	Krogh radius (observed)	50–100 (intercapillary 100–200)	µm	human skeletal muscle	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary sources in this pass)	Krogh-model literature	Direct measurement outside range.
NA05-34	NA-05	muscle:rest specific rate = predicted ~100× at room-temperature D (~160× at 37 °C); physiological estimate ~40–75× dimensionless	muscle:rest specific rate	predicted ~100× at room-temperature D (~160× at 37 °C); physiological estimate ~40–75×	dimensionless	reconciles R_max with the Krogh radius — agreement only to ~2×, degrading to ~2–4× once D is put at body temperature	MODELED (computed in-chapter)	Computed; sphere-vs-cylinder geometry mismatch is the residual	Measure working-muscle specific VO₂ directly.
NA05-35	NA-05	σ ∝ L = stress grows linearly with size at constant shape	σ ∝ L	stress grows linearly with size at constant shape	—	F/A ∝ L³/L²	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (geometry)	Galileo 1638, Two New Sciences	Geometric error.
NA05-36	NA-05	elastic similarity = L ∝ D^(2/3); → D ∝ M^(3/8), L ∝ M^(1/4), S ∝ M^(5/8) dimensionless	elastic similarity	L ∝ D^(2/3); → D ∝ M^(3/8), L ∝ M^(1/4), S ∝ M^(5/8)	dimensionless	McMahon's model	MODELED	McMahon 1973, Science 179:1201–4; cascade computed in-chapter (reproduces his M^(5/8))	See next row — largely refuted empirically.
NA05-37	NA-05	bone scaling (measured) = length ∝ M^0.31; diameter ∝ M^0.35 dimensionless	bone scaling (measured)	length ∝ M^0.31; diameter ∝ M^0.35	dimensionless	32 mammal spp. (secondary sources say 37 — unresolved here), 0.020–3500 kg — close to geometric similarity, not elastic (0.25 / 0.375)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (primary not read in this pass; exponents and n via secondary sources)	Alexander et al. 1979, J Zool 189:305–314	Read the primary; a species count or exponent outside the stated values moves this row. The NEGATIVE verdict rests on the direction (geometric, not elastic), which is corroborated independently, and survives either count.
NA05-38	NA-05	b_colony,metabolic = 0.81, 95% CI 0.55–1.08 dimensionless	b_colony,metabolic	0.81, 95% CI 0.55–1.08	dimensionless	12 colonies + 391 unitary insects; CI excludes nothing	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Hou et al. 2010, PNAS 107(8):3634–8	More colonies; a CI that excludes an alternative.
NA05-39	NA-05	b_colony,production = 0.74, 95% CI 0.71–0.76 (r²=0.99, combined) dimensionless	b_colony,production	0.74, 95% CI 0.71–0.76 (r²=0.99, combined)	dimensionless	colonies + unitary organisms — the tight row	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hou et al. 2010	Independent re-fit.
NA05-40	NA-05	b_city,superlinear = cluster 1.07–1.34, not a single value dimensionless	b_city,superlinear	cluster 1.07–1.34, not a single value	dimensionless	patents 1.27 [1.25–1.29]; R&D empl. 1.34 [1.29–1.39]; GDP 1.15 [1.06–1.23]; wages 1.12 [1.09–1.13]; AIDS 1.23 [1.18–1.29]	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Bettencourt et al. 2007, PNAS 104(17):7301–6, Table 1	Leitão et al. 2016 — see next row.
NA05-41	NA-05	b_city,sublinear = gasoline stations 0.77 [0.74–0.81]; road surface 0.83 [0.74–0.92] (n=29); cables 0.87 [0.82–0.92] dimensionless	b_city,sublinear	gasoline stations 0.77 [0.74–0.81]; road surface 0.83 [0.74–0.92] (n=29); cables 0.87 [0.82–0.92]	dimensionless	Germany/USA 2001–02	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Bettencourt et al. 2007	As above.
NA05-42	NA-05	urban β ≠ 1 = model-dependent	urban β ≠ 1	model-dependent	—	5 models × 15 datasets; depends on fluctuations, their model, and heavy-tailed city sizes	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Leitão et al. 2016, R Soc Open Sci 3:150649 (arXiv:1604.02872)	A fluctuation model class under which the verdict is stable.
NA05-43	NA-05	θ_golden = ~137.5 degrees	θ_golden	~137.5	degrees	phyllotaxis divergence angle; physically reproduced	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Douady & Couder 1992, Phys Rev Lett 68:2098–2101	Repulsion-dynamics experiment failing to converge to the golden mean.
NA05-44	NA-05	Bergmann conformity = 65–71% (mammals); 72–76% (birds) % of species	Bergmann conformity	65–71% (mammals); 72–76% (birds)	% of species	149 mammals, 94 birds	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Meiri & Dayan 2003, J Biogeogr 30:331–351 — percentages via Teplitsky & Millien 2014; primary not read (M22)	Read the primary; a value outside these ranges.
NA05-45	NA-05	exponent spread = mean 0.738±0.018 but 51% of exponents outside 0.7–0.8; range <0.5 to >1.0 dimensionless	exponent spread	mean 0.738±0.018 but 51% of exponents outside 0.7–0.8; range <0.5 to >1.0	dimensionless	146 relations (Peters 1983), 72% vertebrate	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Glazier 2005, Biol Rev 80:611–662	Recount the distribution.
NA05-46	NA-05	intraspecific spread = 0.3 to 1.8; mean 0.724, mode 0.667 dimensionless	intraspecific spread	0.3 to 1.8; mean 0.724, mode 0.667	dimensionless	220 species (Withers 1992)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Glazier 2005	Recount.
NA05-47	NA-05	MLBH bounds = 2/3 (surface-area limits) to 1 (mass/volume power limits) dimensionless	MLBH bounds	2/3 (surface-area limits) to 1 (mass/volume power limits)	dimensionless	metabolic-level boundaries hypothesis	HYPOTHESIZED	Glazier 2005, 2010, Biol Rev 85:111–138	An exponent stably outside [2/3, 1] with a demonstrated mechanism.

NA-06 — The frequencies: rhythm, resonance, and the honest fence around them

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-06-frequencies-rhythm-and-resonance.md · 24 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA06-01	NA-06	St = fA/U = 0.2 – 0.4 dimensionless	St = fA/U	0.2 – 0.4	dimensionless	cruising flight/swimming; birds, bats, insects, fish, cetaceans	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Taylor, Nudds & Thomas (2003) Nature 425:707–711, doi:10.1038/nature02000	Film a cruising flapper; measure f, A, U; a cruising taxon consistently outside 0.15–0.5 refutes.
NA06-02	NA-06	St (individual scatter) = 44% of 248 values in 0.225–0.275 dimensionless	St (individual scatter)	44% of 248 values in 0.225–0.275	dimensionless	6 odontocete species, captive	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Rohr & Fish (2004) JEB 207:1633–1642, doi:10.1242/jeb.00948	Re-measure; a tight unimodal distribution would refute 'considerable scatter'.
NA06-03	NA-06	St_optimal (size-dependent) = 0.15 → 0.8 dimensionless	St_optimal (size-dependent)	0.15 → 0.8	dimensionless	largest cetaceans → smallest tadpoles; Lighthill elongated-body model	MODELED (assumes elongated-body theory, undulatory propulsion)	Eloy (2012) J. Fluids Struct. 30:205–218, doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2012.02.008	Measure small-animal St; values pinned at 0.2–0.4 regardless of size would refute.
NA06-04	NA-06	Fr = v²/gL at walk→run = ≈ 0.5 dimensionless	Fr = v²/gL at walk→run	≈ 0.5	dimensionless	adult humans, 1 g, Earth	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Alexander (1983) J. Zool.; Kram et al. (1997)	Already hit: see next row.
NA06-05	NA-06	Fr at walk→run, lunar g = 1.39 ± 0.45 (predicted 0.5) dimensionless	Fr at walk→run, lunar g	1.39 ± 0.45 (predicted 0.5)	dimensionless	8 humans, actual lunar gravity	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	De Witt et al. (2014) JEB 217:3200–3203, doi:10.1242/jeb.105684	Repeat in reduced g; Fr ≈ 0.5 would restore the hypothesis.
NA06-06	NA-06	u (trackway speed) = u = 0.25·g^0.5·λ^1.67·h^(−1.17) m·s⁻¹	u (trackway speed)	u = 0.25·g^0.5·λ^1.67·h^(−1.17)	m·s⁻¹	bipedal trackways; h ≈ 4× footprint	MODELED (assumes dynamic similarity + hip-height proxy)	Alexander (1976) Nature 261:129–130	Already hit: see next row.
NA06-07	NA-06	Trackway speed error = calculated = 1.17× – 4.74× measured (typ. ~2×) ratio	Trackway speed error	calculated = 1.17× – 4.74× measured (typ. ~2×)	ratio	guineafowl, compliant mud, 92 strides	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Prescott, Griffin, Demuth et al. (2025) Biol. Lett. 21:20250191, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0191	Repeat on more taxa/substrates; ratio ≈ 1.0 would restore the method.
NA06-08	NA-06	f_heart, Suncus etruscus (2 g) = resting 835 ± 107; max 1093 ± 235; peak single 1511 min⁻¹	f_heart, Suncus etruscus (2 g)	resting 835 ± 107; max 1093 ± 235; peak single 1511	min⁻¹	22 °C ambient, smallest mammal	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jürgens et al. (1996) JEB 199:2579–2584	Re-measure; a resting rate <500 min⁻¹ refutes.
NA06-09	NA-06	f_heart, blue whale (~70 t) = dive 4–8 (min 2); surface 25–37; predicted resting 15 bpm	f_heart, blue whale (~70 t)	dive 4–8 (min 2); surface 25–37; predicted resting 15	bpm	foraging dive cycle, ≤184 m, ≤16.5 min	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goldbogen et al. (2019) PNAS 116:25329–25332	Re-tag; a flat rate near 15 bpm across the dive cycle refutes.
NA06-10	NA-06	Metabolic/rate exponent = 2/3 vs 3/4 — disputed dimensionless	Metabolic/rate exponent	2/3 vs 3/4 — disputed	dimensionless	mammals; lineage-dependent	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	3/4: Kleiber-family. 2/3: White & Seymour (2003) PNAS 100:4046–4049 (619 spp.); Dodds, Rothman & Weitz (2001) JTB; lineage-varying: Capellini, Venditti & Barton (2010) Ecology 91(9)	A phylogenetically-controlled dataset where all lineages converge on one exponent would settle it.
NA06-11	NA-06	EEG band bounds = delta 0.5–1.5 → 2.5–6; alpha 7.5–8.5 → 11–14; gamma 20–37 → 38–100 Hz	EEG band bounds	delta 0.5–1.5 → 2.5–6; alpha 7.5–8.5 → 11–14; gamma 20–37 → 38–100	Hz	135 resting-state EEG studies	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (bands real; bounds conventional)	Newson (2018), Sapien Labs, survey of 135 studies; Buzsáki & Draguhn (2004) Science 304:1926–1929	A field-wide consensus definition with <1 Hz spread would refute 'remarkable inconsistency'.
NA06-12	NA-06	τ_circadian (human, free-running) = 24.18 (earlier reports 13–65, median 25.2 — artefactual) h	τ_circadian (human, free-running)	24.18 (earlier reports 13–65, median 25.2 — artefactual)	h	controlled lighting, young + older adults	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Czeisler et al. (1999) Science 284:2177–2181, doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2177	Forced-desynchrony replication; mean ≠ 24.18 ± tight CI refutes.
NA06-13	NA-06	Kinesin step = 8 nm	Kinesin step	8	nm	single molecule, in vitro, microtubule	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Svoboda, Schmidt, Schnapp & Block (1993) Nature 365:721–727	Trap interferometry showing a different modal step refutes.
NA06-14	NA-06	Kinesin velocity = ~800 nm·s⁻¹	Kinesin velocity	~800	nm·s⁻¹	low load, saturating ATP, in vitro, buffer; clamp range F=1–8 pN, [ATP]=1 µM–2 mM	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Visscher, Schnitzer & Block (1999) Nature 400:184–189, doi:10.1038/22146	Force-clamp at stated condition; a load/[ATP]-independent velocity refutes.
NA06-15	NA-06	F₁-ATPase rotation = ~130 rev·s⁻¹; 120° = ~90° + ~30° substeps, two ~1 ms reactions rev·s⁻¹ / degrees	F₁-ATPase rotation	~130 rev·s⁻¹; 120° = ~90° + ~30° substeps, two ~1 ms reactions	rev·s⁻¹ / degrees	saturating ATP; mechanism holds to nM ATP	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Yasuda et al. (2001) Nature 410:898–904, doi:10.1038/35073513; Noji et al. (1997) Nature 386:299–302	Sub-ms imaging showing a single unbroken 120° step refutes.
NA06-16	NA-06	RNAP elongation = E. coli 40–80; HeLa Pol II 30–100 (median 60) nt·s⁻¹	RNAP elongation	E. coli 40–80; HeLa Pol II 30–100 (median 60)	nt·s⁻¹	E. coli 37 °C; HeLa in vivo	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BioNumbers BNID 104900/104902/108488; 111027	Single-molecule re-measure at stated temperature.
NA06-17	NA-06	Ribosome elongation = ~20 aa·s⁻¹	Ribosome elongation	~20	aa·s⁻¹	E. coli, 37 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BioNumbers BNID 100059/105067/108490	As above.
NA06-18	NA-06	f_Schumann = 7.83; harmonics 14.1, 20.3, 26.3, 32.5 (ideal theory predicts ~11) Hz	f_Schumann	7.83; harmonics 14.1, 20.3, 26.3, 32.5 (ideal theory predicts ~11)	Hz	Earth–ionosphere cavity, global	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schumann (1952) Z. Naturforsch. A 7:149–154, doi:10.1515/zna-1952-0202; Balser & Wagner (1960) Nature 188:638–641	ELF receiver; absence of a ~7.8 Hz peak refutes.
NA06-19	NA-06	Q_Schumann = 3.5, 4.5, 6.2, 7.7, 8.2 (modes 1–5); width ~20% dimensionless	Q_Schumann	3.5, 4.5, 6.2, 7.7, 8.2 (modes 1–5); width ~20%	dimensionless	Earth–ionosphere cavity	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Nickolaenko & Hayakawa (2002), Kluwer	Spectral fit; Q ≫ 20 would refute 'low-Q, leaky'.
NA06-20	NA-06	B_Schumann = ~1 (vs Earth static 30,000–50,000) pT	B_Schumann	~1 (vs Earth static 30,000–50,000)	pT	at the surface	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Nickolaenko & Hayakawa (2002)	Magnetometry; pT-scale amplitude is the measurement.
NA06-21	NA-06	Golden angle, phyllotaxis = ~137.5 degrees	Golden angle, phyllotaxis	~137.5	degrees	divergence angle, many plant taxa; reproduced in a physical ferrofluid-droplet experiment	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Douady & Couder (1992) Phys. Rev. Lett. 68:2098–2101, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.2098	Repulsion-dynamics experiment at the stated parameter converging on a rational angle instead refutes.
NA06-22	NA-06	f₁ cantilever = f₁ ≈ 0.162·(t/L²)·√(E/ρ) Hz	f₁ cantilever	f₁ ≈ 0.162·(t/L²)·√(E/ρ)	Hz	uniform rectangular cantilever, mode 1, small deflection	MODELED (Euler–Bernoulli assumptions)	Blevins, Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape (1979)	Shake a real beam; deviation beyond Euler–Bernoulli's stated validity refutes.
NA06-23	NA-06	Q of soft biological tissue = NOT-MEASURED	Q of soft biological tissue	NOT-MEASURED	—	—	NOT-MEASURED	No sourced value obtained; Wakeling, Nigg & Rozitis (2002) J. Appl. Physiol. observe damping increases with muscle activity	Obtain a sourced loss tangent / damping ratio and card it.
NA06-24	NA-06	Brainwave entrainment efficacy = NOT-MEASURED	Brainwave entrainment efficacy	NOT-MEASURED	—	—	NOT-MEASURED	Not assessed in this chapter	Pre-registered, powered, sham-controlled trial.

NA-07 — The dimensionless numbers: the cross-scale design toolkit

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-07-dimensionless-numbers.md · 30 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA07-01	NA-07	Re (bacterium) = ~10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ (recomputed 3×10⁻⁵)	Re (bacterium)	~10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ (recomputed 3×10⁻⁵)	—	~1 μm organism, 30 μm s⁻¹, water	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purcell (1977) Am J Phys 45:3–11	Micron swimmer coasting ≫ 0.1 Å after thrust stops.
NA07-02	NA-07	Re (man swimming) = ~10⁴	Re (man swimming)	~10⁴	—	human in water	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purcell (1977)	Measured u, L, ν disagreeing by >1 order.
NA07-03	NA-07	Re (blue whale) = ~1×10⁸	Re (blue whale)	~1×10⁸	—	L ≈ 25 m, u ≈ 5 m s⁻¹, ν_sw ≈ 10⁻⁶ m² s⁻¹	MODELED (arithmetic in-chapter, sourced inputs)	computed; published statements agree at order 10⁸	Sourced cetacean cruise Re outside 10⁷–10⁹.
NA07-04	NA-07	ν (water) = ~10⁻² cm² s⁻¹	ν (water)	~10⁻²	cm² s⁻¹	liquid water, room temp	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purcell (1977)	Standard viscometry.
NA07-05	NA-07	Coast distance (bacterium) = ~0.1 Å	Coast distance (bacterium)	~0.1	Å	1 μm organism, 30 μm s⁻¹, water	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purcell (1977)	Observe measurable glide.
NA07-06	NA-07	Stopping time (bacterium) = ~0.6 μs	Stopping time (bacterium)	~0.6	μs	as above	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purcell (1977)	Observe momentum persistence.
NA07-07	NA-07	Pe / "S" (bacterium) = ~10⁻² (recomputed 3×10⁻²)	Pe / "S" (bacterium)	~10⁻² (recomputed 3×10⁻²)	—	micron scale, D ≈ 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purcell (1977)	Stirring raising local uptake at Pe ≪ 1.
NA07-08	NA-07	L* = D/u = ~30 (recomputed 33) μm	L* = D/u	~30 (recomputed 33)	μm	small molecule, bacterial speed, water	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purcell (1977)	Bacterial run lengths systematically ≠ D/v.
NA07-09	NA-07	Speed for +10% intake = 700 (≈20× achievable) μm s⁻¹	Speed for +10% intake	700 (≈20× achievable)	μm s⁻¹	Stokes flow around a sphere	MODELED (Purcell's relaxation solution)	Purcell (1977)	Intake rising faster than √v.
NA07-10	NA-07	Re_c (pipe, sustained) = 2040 ± 10	Re_c (pipe, sustained)	2040 ± 10	—	smooth circular pipe	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Avila et al. (2011) Science 333:192–196	Sustained turbulence reproducibly below 2030.
NA07-11	NA-07	Re_c (pipe, textbook) = ~2300 (range ~2000–4000)	Re_c (pipe, textbook)	~2300 (range ~2000–4000)	—	smooth pipe, disturbance-dependent	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	standard texts; Reynolds (1883)	— (answers a different question than 2040).
NA07-12	NA-07	St (cruise) = 0.2–0.4	St (cruise)	0.2–0.4	—	dolphins, sharks, bony fish; birds/bats/insects at cruise only	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Taylor, Nudds & Thomas (2003) Nature 425:707–711	Cruising taxon reproducibly outside 0.2–0.4.
NA07-13	NA-07	St (water walkers) = 0.01–0.1 (arthropods); 0.1–1 (large)	St (water walkers)	0.01–0.1 (arthropods); 0.1–1 (large)	—	air–water interface locomotion	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Bush & Hu (2006) ARFM 38:339–369	Measured water-walker St outside band.
NA07-14	NA-07	Wo α (ascending aorta) = ≈13.2 (≈20.3 some studies)	Wo α (ascending aorta)	≈13.2 (≈20.3 some studies)	—	human ascending aorta	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (varies by study/subject)	Cardiovasc Eng Technol (2024) doi 10.1007/s13239-024-00723-4	Measured α outside ~10–21 in healthy adults.
NA07-15	NA-07	Wo α (capillary) = ≈0.005 (micro-circulation all <1)	Wo α (capillary)	≈0.005 (micro-circulation all <1)	—	human microcirculation	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	Pulsatile inertial profile in a capillary.
NA07-16	NA-07	Dinosaur trackway speeds = 1.0–3.6 m s⁻¹	Dinosaur trackway speeds	1.0–3.6	m s⁻¹	Alexander's Fr method, h ≈ 4× foot length	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Alexander (1976) Nature 261:129–130; contra PMC12187409 (2025)	Extant-bird validation on compliant substrate contradicting formula.
NA07-17	NA-07	Capillary length ℓ_c = ≈2.6 mm	Capillary length ℓ_c	≈2.6	mm	air–water, σ ≈ 0.07 N m⁻¹	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Bush & Hu (2006)	Direct meniscus measurement.
NA07-18	NA-07	Strider length / weight = 1 cm / 10 dynes (10⁻⁴ N) cm / dyn	Strider length / weight	1 cm / 10 dynes (10⁻⁴ N)	cm / dyn	water striders	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hu, Chan & Bush (2003) Nature 424:663–666	Direct mass measurement.
NA07-19	NA-07	Insect interface-crossing force = 10–100× body weight	Insect interface-crossing force	10–100× body weight	—	insects 1–10 dyn, perimeter ~1 cm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Bush & Hu (2006)	Measured crossing force ≈ body weight.
NA07-20	NA-07	Min. capillary wave speed c_m = 23 cm s⁻¹	Min. capillary wave speed c_m	23	cm s⁻¹	air–water interface	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Lighthill (1979), via Bush & Hu (2006)	Waves radiated by steady motion below 23 cm s⁻¹.
NA07-21	NA-07	Kn regime bounds = <0.01 / 0.01–0.1 / 0.1–10 / >10	Kn regime bounds	<0.01 / 0.01–0.1 / 0.1–10 / >10	—	gas flows	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard rarefied-gas references	No-slip Navier–Stokes matching data at Kn > 0.1.
NA07-22	NA-07	λ (air) = ≈68 nm	λ (air)	≈68	nm	1 atm, 25 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard kinetic theory	Direct mean-free-path measurement.
NA07-23	NA-07	Ra_c = 1707.762 (wavenumber ≈3.117)	Ra_c	1707.762 (wavenumber ≈3.117)	—	rigid–rigid boundaries, Pr-independent at onset	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Rayleigh–Bénard linear stability	Onset reproducibly below Ra ≈ 1700, rigid–rigid.
NA07-24	NA-07	Pr = 7 (water) / 0.71 (air) / 0.025 (mercury)	Pr	7 (water) / 0.71 (air) / 0.025 (mercury)	—	near room temperature	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard property tables	Property measurement.
NA07-25	NA-07	Bi threshold = 0.1	Bi threshold	0.1	—	lumped-capacitance admissibility	MODELED (engineering convention, not a law)	standard heat-transfer texts	Material internal gradients at Bi < 0.1.
NA07-26	NA-07	Ma threshold = 0.3	Ma threshold	0.3	—	incompressibility admissible (Δρ <~5%)	MODELED (convention)	standard gas dynamics	Density change >5% below Ma 0.3.
NA07-27	NA-07	Sphere drag crisis = Re ≈ 3×10⁵; C_d ≈ 0.5 → ~0.1	Sphere drag crisis	Re ≈ 3×10⁵; C_d ≈ 0.5 → ~0.1	—	smooth sphere	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard sphere drag curve	Smooth-sphere C_d not dropping near 3×10⁵.
NA07-28	NA-07	Golden angle = ≈137.5 degrees (dimensionless)	Golden angle	≈137.5	degrees (dimensionless)	phyllotactic divergence; reproduced physically	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Douady & Couder (1992) PRL 68:2098–2101	Repulsion dynamics failing to select ≈137.5°.
NA07-29	NA-07	Earth mantle viscosity = 10²¹ poise	Earth mantle viscosity	10²¹	poise	mantle flow	MODELED (geophysical inference)	quoted in Purcell (1977)	Independent rheological determination.
NA07-30	NA-07	Prefactor f in Π₁ = f(Π₂,…) — no value carried	Prefactor f in Π₁ = f(Π₂,…)	—	—	any Buckingham result	NOT-MEASURED	—	(this is the point — see fence)

NA-08 — Design down to the cell level: the cell as an engineered system

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-08-cell-level-design.md · 49 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA08-01	NA-08	D_GFP,ec = 7.7 ± 2.5 µm²/s	D_GFP,ec	7.7 ± 2.5	µm²/s	GFP (27 kDa), E. coli cytoplasm, FRAP/photoactivation	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 100193; Elowitz et al. 1999, J Bacteriol 181(1):197–203	Repeat FRAP; a value outside 3–14 µm²/s under stated conditions refutes.
NA08-02	NA-08	D_GFP,euk = 27 µm²/s	D_GFP,euk	27	µm²/s	GFP-S65T, CHO cytoplasm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 101997; Swaminathan et al. 1997, Biophys J 72(4):1900–7	Independent FRAP in eukaryotic cytoplasm disagreeing >2×.
NA08-03	NA-08	t(1 m) = ~6.2 × 10⁹ (≈195 yr) s	t(1 m)	~6.2 × 10⁹ (≈195 yr)	s	3D diffusion, D = 27 µm²/s, t = L²/6D	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from BNID 101997 + <r²>=6Dt	Arithmetic error, or a demonstration of 1 m protein transport by diffusion alone.
NA08-04	NA-08	S/V = 6 vs 0.3 µm⁻¹	S/V	6 vs 0.3	µm⁻¹	sphere 3/R; R = 0.5 µm vs 10 µm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (geometry)	Geometric error.
NA08-05	NA-08	L_Thio = 100–300 (max 750) µm	L_Thio	100–300 (max 750)	µm	Thiomargarita namibiensis, cell width	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schulz et al. 1999, Science 284:493–495	Larger true-cytoplasm cell found.
NA08-06	NA-08	f_vac = 80–98 % of cell volume	f_vac	80–98	% of cell volume	Thiomargarita nitrate vacuole; cytoplasm shell ~1–2 µm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schulz et al. 1999	Show cytoplasm fills the cell.
NA08-07	NA-08	ATP_ec = ~10⁷ ATP/s/cell	ATP_ec	~10⁷	ATP/s/cell	E. coli, growing	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 111461, 110656, 110628	Independent measurement >10× off.
NA08-08	NA-08	ATP_mam = ~10⁹ ATP/s/cell	ATP_mam	~10⁹	ATP/s/cell	human fibroblast, ~3,000 µm³	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 111476	As above.
NA08-09	NA-08	P_ec = ~10⁻¹² (1,000 W/kg) W/cell	P_ec	~10⁻¹² (1,000 W/kg)	W/cell	E. coli, glucose minimal media	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 109687	As above.
NA08-10	NA-08	c_pep = 4 ATP per peptide bond	c_pep	4	ATP per peptide bond	2 (PPi, aa-tRNA charging) + 1 GTP × 2 elongation factors	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Milo & Phillips 2015, Cell Biology by the Numbers	Show a bond formed for <4.
NA08-11	NA-08	f_prot = 61 % of total cell ATP	f_prot	61	% of total cell ATP	E. coli, rich medium; 19.1 of 31.4 mmol ATP/g cells	MODELED	Milo & Phillips 2015 (budget model)	Recompute the budget; a different dominant sink.
NA08-12	NA-08	ΔG_ATP = −47 to −50 (≈20 k_BT ≈ 80–90 pN·nm) kJ/mol	ΔG_ATP	−47 to −50 (≈20 k_BT ≈ 80–90 pN·nm)	kJ/mol	in vivo; E. coli on glucose −47	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BioNumbers (How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis?)	Measured phosphorylation potential outside −40 to −65.
NA08-13	NA-08	ΔG°'_ATP = −28 to −34 (≈12 k_BT) kJ/mol	ΔG°'_ATP	−28 to −34 (≈12 k_BT)	kJ/mol	standard conditions (1 M) — NOT the cell	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	—
NA08-14	NA-08	τ_F1 = ~40 pN·nm	τ_F1	~40	pN·nm	F₁-ATPase torque, constant across load/speed	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Yasuda et al. 1998, Cell 93:1117–1124	Load-dependent torque under same assay.
NA08-15	NA-08	W_F1 = ~80 (vs ~90 available) pN·nm per 120° step	W_F1	~80 (vs ~90 available)	pN·nm per 120° step	F₁, single-molecule, in vitro	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Yasuda et al. 1998; Noji et al. 1997, Nature 386:299–302	Work/step measured well below 80.
NA08-16	NA-08	ω_F1 = ~130 rev/s	ω_F1	~130	rev/s	F₁, saturating ATP; 120° = 90° + 30° substeps	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Yasuda et al. 2001, Nature 410:898–904	Substep structure fails to replicate.
NA08-17	NA-08	d_kin = 8 nm/step	d_kin	8	nm/step	kinesin-1 on microtubule, optical trap	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Svoboda et al. 1993, Nature 365:721–727	A different step periodicity.
NA08-18	NA-08	n_ATP,kin = 1 ATP per 8-nm step	n_ATP,kin	1	ATP per 8-nm step	kinesin-1	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schnitzer & Block 1997, Nature 388:386–390	Measured coupling ≠ 1:1.
NA08-19	NA-08	F_stall,kin = 5–6 or 7–8 pN	F_stall,kin	5–6 or 7–8	pN	5–6: Svoboda & Block 1994. 7–8: force clamp, Visscher 1999	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Svoboda & Block 1994, Cell 77:773–784; Visscher et al. 1999, Nature 400:184–189	Resolve by assay; do not average. A study reconciling both under one method.
NA08-20	NA-08	v_kin = ~0.5–1 (commonly ~0.8) µm/s	v_kin	~0.5–1 (commonly ~0.8)	µm/s	saturating ATP, near-zero load, in vitro	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Svoboda & Block 1994 (force–velocity)	Outside range under stated conditions.
NA08-21	NA-08	d_myoV = ~36 nm/step	d_myoV	~36	nm/step	myosin-V on actin; stall ~2–3 pN	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	single-molecule optical trap literature	Different step periodicity.
NA08-22	NA-08	d_dyn = 8 (or 8→32, load-dependent) nm/step	d_dyn	8 (or 8→32, load-dependent)	nm/step	cytoplasmic dynein — unresolved	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Optical-tweezer reports disagree	A method resolving load-dependence.
NA08-23	NA-08	r_rib,ec = ~20 (range 4–22) aa/s	r_rib,ec	~20 (range 4–22)	aa/s	E. coli, growth-rate dependent	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 100059, 105067, 108490	Outside 4–22 at stated growth rate.
NA08-24	NA-08	r_rib,euk = 3–10 (yeast, 30 °C); ~6 (mouse ES) aa/s	r_rib,euk	3–10 (yeast, 30 °C); ~6 (mouse ES)	aa/s	eukaryote	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 107871, 107952	As above.
NA08-25	NA-08	ε_rib = 10⁻⁴–10⁻³ per codon	ε_rib	10⁻⁴–10⁻³	per codon	missense/misreading	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kramer & Farabaugh 2007, RNA 13:87–96	Measured rate outside range.
NA08-26	NA-08	r_RNAP,ec = 40–80 nt/s	r_RNAP,ec	40–80	nt/s	E. coli	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 104900, 104902, 108488	Outside range.
NA08-27	NA-08	r_RNAP,mam = 50–100 elongation vs ~6 average-across-gene nt/s	r_RNAP,mam	50–100 elongation vs ~6 average-across-gene	nt/s	mammalian — do not conflate	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 105566/105113/100662; BNID 100661	Show the two measure the same thing.
NA08-28	NA-08	ε_pol = ~10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ per nt	ε_pol	~10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵	per nt	polymerase base selectivity ALONE	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kunkel & Bebenek 2000, Annu Rev Biochem; Kunkel 2004, JBC	Exonuclease-deficient rate outside range.
NA08-29	NA-08	ε_proof = ~10⁻⁶–10⁻⁷ (×10²–10³ gain) per nt	ε_proof	~10⁻⁶–10⁻⁷ (×10²–10³ gain)	per nt	+ exonucleolytic proofreading	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	MMR-deficient rate outside range.
NA08-30	NA-08	ε_final = 10⁻⁸–10⁻¹⁰ per nt	ε_final	10⁻⁸–10⁻¹⁰	per nt	+ mismatch repair; pro- and eukaryotes	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	Whole-genome mutation accumulation outside range.
NA08-31	NA-08	d_bilayer = 4–5 nm	d_bilayer	4–5	nm	lipid bilayer thickness	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard membrane biophysics; Milo & Phillips 2015	Structural measurement outside range.
NA08-32	NA-08	V_m = ~−70 mV	V_m	~−70	mV	resting neuron	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard electrophysiology	—
NA08-33	NA-08	E_m = 1.4–1.8 × 10⁷ V/m	E_m	1.4–1.8 × 10⁷	V/m	V/d, 70 mV over 4–5 nm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from V_m and d_bilayer	Arithmetic error, or d/V refuted.
NA08-34	NA-08	E_air = ≈3 × 10⁶ V/m	E_air	≈3 × 10⁶	V/m	dry air, 1 atm — dielectric strength	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard physical reference	Fetch a primary reference.
NA08-35	NA-08	C_m = ~1 (0.01) µF/cm² (F/m²)	C_m	~1 (0.01)	µF/cm² (F/m²)	specific membrane capacitance, near-invariant across cell types	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard membrane biophysics (Cole; Hodgkin & Huxley 1952)	A cell type deviating >2× with intact bilayer.
NA08-36	NA-08	κ_MT = 2.2 × 10⁻²³ (±6.4%); 2.1 × 10⁻²³ (±4.7%, rhodamine) N·m²	κ_MT	2.2 × 10⁻²³ (±6.4%); 2.1 × 10⁻²³ (±4.7%, rhodamine)	N·m²	taxol-stabilised microtubule, flexural rigidity	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gittes et al. 1993, J Cell Biol 120(4):923–934	Independent measurement >2× off.
NA08-37	NA-08	ℓ_p,MT = ~5,200 (5.2 mm) µm	ℓ_p,MT	~5,200 (5.2 mm)	µm	microtubule persistence length, ℓ_p = κ/k_BT	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gittes et al. 1993	see contested row below.
NA08-38	NA-08	ℓ_p,MT length-dependence = persistence length varies with filament length	ℓ_p,MT length-dependence	persistence length varies with filament length	—	grafted MTs	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Pampaloni et al. 2006, PNAS — length-dependent ℓ_p; contradicts a single MT constant	Resolve; a method showing length-independence.
NA08-39	NA-08	ℓ_p,actin = ~17.7 µm	ℓ_p,actin	~17.7	µm	actin filament, rhodamine-phalloidin	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gittes et al. 1993	Independent measurement >2× off.
NA08-40	NA-08	ℓ_p,MT/ℓ_p,actin = ~294 (~300×) dimensionless	ℓ_p,MT/ℓ_p,actin	~294 (~300×)	dimensionless	Gittes values	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Ratio recomputation.
NA08-41	NA-08	δc/c scaling = ∝ (D·a·c·T)^(−1/2) dimensionless	δc/c scaling	∝ (D·a·c·T)^(−1/2)	dimensionless	diffusion-limited chemoreception	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a scaling)	Berg & Purcell 1977, Biophys J 20:193–219	A sensor beating the −1/2 exponent.
NA08-42	NA-08	δc/c prefactor = disputed	δc/c prefactor	disputed	—	B–P vs Bialek–Setayeshgar vs Kaizu: B–S term missing 1/(2(1−n̄))	OBSERVED-CONTESTED / MODELED	Bialek & Setayeshgar 2005, PNAS 102(29):10040–5; Kaizu et al. 2014, Biophys J 106(4):976–85	A treatment retaining receptor–ligand correlations that settles the constant.
NA08-43	NA-08	Re = ~6 × 10⁻⁵ dimensionless	Re	~6 × 10⁻⁵	dimensionless	E. coli: v ≈ 3 × 10⁻⁵ m/s, L = 2 µm, ρ = 10³ kg/m³, µ = 10⁻³ Pa·s	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; regime per Purcell 1977, Am J Phys 45:3–11	Inputs refuted (swim speed is order-of-magnitude).
NA08-44	NA-08	Pe = ~0.06–0.1 dimensionless	Pe	~0.06–0.1	dimensionless	same, D ~ 10⁻⁹ m²/s (small molecule)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Demonstrate advective mixing gain at this scale.
NA08-45	NA-08	f_Schumann = 7.83 (harmonics ~14.3, 20.8, 27.3, 33.8) Hz	f_Schumann	7.83 (harmonics ~14.3, 20.8, 27.3, 33.8)	Hz	Earth–ionosphere cavity fundamental	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schumann 1952 (prediction); Schumann & König 1954 (confirmation); Balser & Wagner 1960	ELF measurement failing to find the cavity mode.
NA08-46	NA-08	E_Schumann@membrane — no value carried	E_Schumann@membrane	—	V/m	field amplitude at a cell membrane	NOT-MEASURED	not sourced in this pass	Measure amplitude; compare to k_BT and membrane noise.
NA08-47	NA-08	θ_golden = ~137.5 degrees	θ_golden	~137.5	degrees	phyllotaxis divergence angle; physically reproduced	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Douady & Couder 1992, Phys Rev Lett 68:2098–2101	Repulsion-dynamics experiment failing to converge to the golden mean.
NA08-48	NA-08	E_neuron split = AP 47 / postsyn-glutamate 34 / rest 13 / recycling 3 % of signalling ATP	E_neuron split	AP 47 / postsyn-glutamate 34 / rest 13 / recycling 3	% of signalling ATP	rodent grey matter — modelled apportionment, revised 2012	MODELED	Attwell & Laughlin 2001, JCBFM 21(10):1133–45; rev. Howarth et al. 2012	Recompute the budget; the 2012 revision supersedes on any point of conflict.
NA08-49	NA-08	n_Na/ATP = 3 Na⁺ per 1 ATP ions/ATP	n_Na/ATP	3 Na⁺ per 1 ATP	ions/ATP	Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase stoichiometry	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Attwell & Laughlin 2001 and standard references	Measured stoichiometry ≠ 3:2:1.

NA-09 — Morphogenesis: how a pattern comes from no pattern

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-09-morphogenesis-and-development.md · 18 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA09-01	NA-09	λ_Bcd = ≈ 100 μm	λ_Bcd	≈ 100	μm	D. melanogaster early embryo, L ≈ 490 μm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gregor et al. (2007a), Cell 130(1):141–152	Independent Bcd-GFP profiling giving a decay constant far outside ~80–120 μm at standard temperature.
NA09-02	NA-09	L = ≈ 490 μm	L	≈ 490	μm	same embryo, AP axis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gregor et al. (2007a)	Direct imaging outside ~450–550 μm.
NA09-03	NA-09	D_Bcd = 0.30 ± 0.09 (FRAP); 0.37 ± 0.05 (indirect) μm²/s	D_Bcd	0.30 ± 0.09 (FRAP); 0.37 ± 0.05 (indirect)	μm²/s	cortical cytoplasm, cycles 10–14	OBSERVED-CONTESTED — incompatible with λ ≈ 100 μm under SDD	Gregor et al. (2007a); dispute printed in Grimm et al. (2010), Development 137(14):2253–2264	A method giving D large enough that √(Dτ) reproduces λ within the ~1 h formation window would dissolve the tension.
NA09-04	NA-09	τ_required = ≈ 9 (≈3.3×10⁴ s) hours	τ_required	≈ 9 (≈3.3×10⁴ s)	hours	SDD arithmetic λ²/D from the two rows above	MODELED (derivation from cited inputs)	Grimm et al. (2010): D is 'an order of magnitude too small'	A non-SDD transport mechanism (e.g. mRNA-distribution or active transport) reconciling λ, D and the ~1 h window.
NA09-05	NA-09	Δc/c = ≈ 10 %	Δc/c	≈ 10	%	adjacent nuclei (~8 μm apart) at the hb boundary, cycle 14	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gregor et al. (2007b), Cell 130(1):153–164	Measured inter-nuclear Bcd difference at the boundary ≫ or ≪ 10%.
NA09-06	NA-09	σ_x (hb domain) = 2–3 % egg length	σ_x (hb domain)	2–3	% egg length	hb transcription domain position, embryo-to-embryo	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gregor et al. (2007b)	Reproducibility measured far worse (≫3% EL) in a clean prep.
NA09-07	NA-09	σ_x (4 gap genes) = ≈ 1 % egg length	σ_x (4 gap genes)	≈ 1	% egg length	joint gap-gene readout, AP axis, near-constant along axis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Dubuis et al. (2013), PNAS 110(41):16301–16308	Decoding a fresh dataset yielding error ≫1% EL.
NA09-08	NA-09	τ_Berg-Purcell = order of 2 hours	τ_Berg-Purcell	order of 2	hours	time for ONE hb Bcd binding site to read c to 10% accuracy	MODELED (assumes: diffusion-limited binding, single independent site, Berg-Purcell counting)	Gregor et al. (2007b)	A binding-kinetics measurement showing single-site 10% accuracy achievable in minutes.
NA09-09	NA-09	k_c² = √( det J / (D_u D_v) ) μm⁻²	k_c²	√( det J / (D_u D_v) )	μm⁻²	2-species reaction-diffusion at instability onset	MODELED (assumes: two species, linear stability about a homogeneous fixed point)	Turing (1952), Phil Trans R Soc B 237(641):37–72; Murray (2003) ch. 2	A measured 2-species Turing wavelength not tracking (D_u D_v/det J)^(1/4).
NA09-10	NA-09	d = D_v/D_u = > 1, strictly dimensionless	d = D_v/D_u	> 1, strictly	dimensionless	2-species activator–inhibitor only	MODELED	Turing (1952); Murray (2003)	An observed 2-species Turing pattern with measured D_u = D_v and no cell-autonomous node.
NA09-11	NA-09	d_c (universal) = NOT-MEASURED — no such constant	d_c (universal)	NOT-MEASURED — no such constant	—	d_c is kinetics-dependent, not a constant of nature	NOT-MEASURED	—	Exhibit a kinetics-independent threshold; none is known.
NA09-12	NA-09	d requirement (≥3 nodes) = can be any ratio, incl. 1:1 dimensionless	d requirement (≥3 nodes)	can be any ratio, incl. 1:1	dimensionless	networks containing cell-autonomous (non-diffusing) nodes	MODELED	Marcon et al. (2016), eLife 5:e14022	A proof that cell-autonomous nodes cannot relax the constraint.
NA09-13	NA-09	g_c = ≈ 1.29 dimensionless (tangential expansion ratio)	g_c	≈ 1.29	dimensionless (tangential expansion ratio)	grey matter on white, μ_grey/μ_white ≈ 1, soft-solid model	MODELED	Tallinen et al. (2014), PNAS 111:12667–12672	Physical/gel model sulcifying at a markedly different expansion.
NA09-14	NA-09	σ (limb bud mesoderm) = 20.1 dyn/cm	σ (limb bud mesoderm)	20.1	dyn/cm	chick embryonic tissue aggregate, parallel-plate compression	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Foty et al. (1996), Development 122(5):1611–1620	Remeasurement inverting the envelopment hierarchy.
NA09-15	NA-09	σ (pigmented epithelium / heart / liver / neural retina) = 12.6 / 8.5 / 4.6 / 1.6 dyn/cm	σ (pigmented epithelium / heart / liver / neural retina)	12.6 / 8.5 / 4.6 / 1.6	dyn/cm	as above	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Foty et al. (1996)	A tissue enveloping one of higher measured σ.
NA09-16	NA-09	σ vs cadherin density = linear	σ vs cadherin density	linear	—	transfected L-cell aggregates (E-, N-, P-cadherin)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Foty & Steinberg (2005), Dev Biol 278:255–263	Titration showing no monotone σ–cadherin relation.
NA09-17	NA-09	Dpp mitosis trigger = ≈ 50 % increase in signalling since cell-cycle start	Dpp mitosis trigger	≈ 50	% increase in signalling since cell-cycle start	Drosophila wing imaginal disc	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wartlick et al. (2011), Science 331:1154–1159	Division timing uncorrelated with relative Dpp increase.
NA09-18	NA-09	Golden angle = ≈ 137.5 degrees	Golden angle	≈ 137.5	degrees	phyllotactic divergence angle; reproduced physically	OBSERVED-REPLICATED with mechanism	Douady & Couder (1992), Phys Rev Lett 68:2098–2101	A repulsion-dynamics system in the same parameter regime not converging to ~137.5°.

NA-10 — The scale ladder: quark to galaxy, and the gradients between

Source: encyclopedia/wing-NATURA/NA-10-the-scale-ladder-and-gradients.md · 47 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
NA10-01	NA-10	r_p = 8.4075(64) × 10⁻¹⁶ m	r_p	8.4075(64) × 10⁻¹⁶	m	proton rms charge radius	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	CODATA 2022 (NIST)	Next CODATA adjustment moves it beyond stated u.
NA10-02	NA-10	t_strong = ~2.8 × 10⁻²⁴ s	t_strong	~2.8 × 10⁻²⁴	s	r_p/c — light-crossing time of a nucleon	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from r_p (CODATA 2022) and c	Arithmetic error; or a claim this is a measured interaction time (it is not).
NA10-03	NA-10	α_s(m_Z) = 0.1180 ± 0.0009 dimensionless	α_s(m_Z)	0.1180 ± 0.0009	dimensionless	strong coupling at the Z mass; runs to O(1) at ~1 GeV	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	PDG world average (recent editions give 0.1179–0.1180 ± 0.0009)	A PDG edition outside 0.117–0.119.
NA10-04	NA-10	a₀ = 5.291 772 105 44(82) × 10⁻¹¹ m	a₀	5.291 772 105 44(82) × 10⁻¹¹	m	Bohr radius	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	CODATA 2022 (NIST)	Next CODATA adjustment beyond stated u.
NA10-05	NA-10	α⁻¹ = 137.035 999 177(21) dimensionless	α⁻¹	137.035 999 177(21)	dimensionless	fine-structure constant; α = 7.297 352 5643(11) × 10⁻³	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	CODATA 2022 (NIST)	As above.
NA10-06	NA-10	T_Bohr = ~1.5 × 10⁻¹⁶ s	T_Bohr	~1.5 × 10⁻¹⁶	s	2πa₀/(αc), H ground state	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from CODATA 2022 a₀, α, c	Arithmetic error.
NA10-07	NA-10	E_ion,H = 13.6 eV	E_ion,H	13.6	eV	hydrogen ionization	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; primary not read in this pass)	standard atomic physics (NIST ASD)	Fetch NIST ASD; a value outside 13.59–13.60.
NA10-08	NA-10	E_C–C = ~348 kJ/mol	E_C–C	~348	kJ/mol	C–C bond dissociation enthalpy	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; primary not read in this pass)	standard thermochemical tables	Fetch a primary table; value outside ~330–360.
NA10-09	NA-10	E_bond/RT = ~140 dimensionless	E_bond/RT	~140	dimensionless	348 kJ/mol ÷ RT (2.494 kJ/mol at 300 K)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
NA10-10	NA-10	t_vib = ~1.1 × 10⁻¹⁴ s	t_vib	~1.1 × 10⁻¹⁴	s	C–H stretch, ~3000 cm⁻¹	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from a standard IR wavenumber	Wavenumber refuted.
NA10-11	NA-10	ΔG_fold = ~20–63 (5–15 kcal/mol) kJ/mol	ΔG_fold	~20–63 (5–15 kcal/mol)	kJ/mol	net protein folding stability, typical globular	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard range; primary not sourced in this pass)	standard protein biophysics	Locate a primary survey; range refuted.
NA10-12	NA-10	ν_water = ~1.0 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s	ν_water	~1.0 × 10⁻⁶	m²/s	kinematic viscosity, 20 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference)	standard fluid-property tables	Measurement outside ~0.9–1.1 × 10⁻⁶ at 20 °C.
NA10-13	NA-10	Re_bact = ~10⁻⁵ (Vogel); ~6 × 10⁻⁵ (computed, E. coli) dimensionless	Re_bact	~10⁻⁵ (Vogel); ~6 × 10⁻⁵ (computed, E. coli)	dimensionless	bacterium, 0.01 mm/s (Vogel) vs E. coli 30 µm/s	MODELED	Vogel, Life in Moving Fluids, Princeton UP (table via secondary summary — primary not read in this pass); NA-08	Read Vogel's table directly; inputs refuted.
NA10-14	NA-10	Re_whale = ~3 × 10⁸ dimensionless	Re_whale	~3 × 10⁸	dimensionless	large whale, 10 m/s; check: vL/ν = 10 × 30 / 10⁻⁶ = 3 × 10⁸	MODELED	Vogel (as above); independently recomputed in-chapter	As above.
NA10-15	NA-10	Re span = ~10¹³ (≈13 orders), not ~10¹⁰ dimensionless	Re span	~10¹³ (≈13 orders), not ~10¹⁰	dimensionless	bacterium → whale	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the two rows above	Show a sourced span of ~10¹⁰; the ~10¹⁰ figure is corrected here.
NA10-16	NA-10	τ_coast = 2.2 × 10⁻⁷ s	τ_coast	2.2 × 10⁻⁷	s	2ρa²/(9µ); a = 1 µm, ρ = 10³ kg/m³, µ = 10⁻³ Pa·s	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (Stokes drag)	Arithmetic error; inputs refuted.
NA10-17	NA-10	d_coast = 6.7 × 10⁻¹² (0.067 Å ≈ 1/16 of 2a₀) m	d_coast	6.7 × 10⁻¹² (0.067 Å ≈ 1/16 of 2a₀)	m	1 µm sphere at 30 µm/s, propulsion off	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; order-of-magnitude consistent with Purcell 1977	Read Purcell 1977 p.4 and compare; a bacterium observed to coast a measurable distance.
NA10-18	NA-10	Scallop theorem = reciprocal stroke → zero net displacement	Scallop theorem	reciprocal stroke → zero net displacement	—	low Re, incompressible AND Newtonian	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a theorem + its premises)	Purcell 1977, Am J Phys 45(1):3–11, DOI 10.1119/1.10903	A Newtonian, incompressible, low-Re reciprocal swimmer that translates.
NA10-19	NA-10	Scallop theorem premise break = reciprocal swimming achieved at Re = 1.4 × 10⁻⁴ – 3 × 10⁻³ dimensionless	Scallop theorem premise break	reciprocal swimming achieved at Re = 1.4 × 10⁻⁴ – 3 × 10⁻³	dimensionless	micro-scallop in shear-thickening / shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids; Newtonian glycerol control	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Qiu et al. 2014, Nat Commun 5:5119, DOI 10.1038/ncomms6119	Failure to replicate in a non-Newtonian fluid.
NA10-20	NA-10	St = 0.2–0.4 dimensionless	St	0.2–0.4	dimensionless	cruising flight/swimming	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Taylor, Nudds & Thomas 2003, Nature 425:707–711	Cruise St outside range across taxa.
NA10-21	NA-10	b_prokaryote = 1.7 active / 2.0 inactive dimensionless	b_prokaryote	1.7 active / 2.0 inactive	dimensionless	metabolic rate vs body mass; n = 44 / 121	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	DeLong et al. 2010, PNAS 107(29):12941–5, DOI 10.1073/pnas.1007783107	Refit with independent data; CI covering 0.75.
NA10-22	NA-10	b_protist = 1.0 active / 1.1 inactive dimensionless	b_protist	1.0 active / 1.1 inactive	dimensionless	n = 51 / 52	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	DeLong et al. 2010	As above.
NA10-23	NA-10	b_metazoan = 0.76 active / 0.79 inactive dimensionless	b_metazoan	0.76 active / 0.79 inactive	dimensionless	n = 71 / 15	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	DeLong et al. 2010	As above.
NA10-24	NA-10	Kleiber universality = refuted as universal	Kleiber universality	refuted as universal	—	3/4 does not apply across prokaryote/protist/metazoan	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	DeLong et al. 2010 (their explicit conclusion)	A dataset in which one exponent fits all three groups.
NA10-25	NA-10	Metabolic curvature = convex on log-log; quadratic in log-mass required; not a pure power law	Metabolic curvature	convex on log-log; quadratic in log-mass required; not a pure power law	—	mammals, temperature-corrected	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Kolokotrones et al. 2010, Nature 464:753–6, DOI 10.1038/nature08920; contested by MacKay 2011, J Theor Biol 280(1):194–196; replied to by Deeds, Savage & Fontana 2011, J Theor Biol 280(1):197–198 — the exchange is live on both sides	Quadratic coefficient CI covering zero on independent data.
NA10-26	NA-10	Exponent-by-subset = small-dominated → ~2/3; large-dominated → ~3/4 dimensionless	Exponent-by-subset	small-dominated → ~2/3; large-dominated → ~3/4	dimensionless	mammals; artefact of fitting a line to a curve	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (with the row above)	Kolokotrones et al. 2010	Both subsets return the same slope.
NA10-27	NA-10	P/m E. coli = ~10³ (order-of-magnitude; wet-mass basis — see falsifier) W/kg	P/m E. coli	~10³ (order-of-magnitude; wet-mass basis — see falsifier)	W/kg	E. coli strain C-3000, glucose minimal medium; a conversion, not a W/kg measurement	MODELED	Computed from BNID 109687 — an O₂ uptake rate, 30 mmol O₂/gDW/h — via the enthalpy of O₂ consumption (~478 kJ/mol O₂) ÷ a cell mass; chain via NA-08	Recomputed: 30 mmol/gDW/h × 478 kJ/mol ÷ 3600 s = ~4 × 10³ W/kg dry ≈ ~1.2 × 10³ W/kg wet at dry/wet ≈ 0.3 — the stated ~10³ closes on a wet basis only. NA-08's mass basis is NOT-CONFIRMED in this pass. Also: an independent measurement >10× off.
NA10-28	NA-10	L⊙/M⊙ = 1.9 × 10⁻⁴ W/kg	L⊙/M⊙	1.9 × 10⁻⁴	W/kg	Sun; 3.828 × 10²⁶ W ÷ 1.988 × 10³⁰ kg	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from IAU 2015 nominal L⊙ and (GM)⊙/G (CODATA 2022)	Arithmetic error.
NA10-29	NA-10	P/m ratio = ~5 × 10⁶ (bacterium : Sun) dimensionless	P/m ratio	~5 × 10⁶ (bacterium : Sun)	dimensionless	specific power; MODELED ÷ MODELED — both endpoints are conversions, neither is a W/kg observation	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the two rows above	Recomputation; ~2 × 10⁷ if the E. coli row is dry-basis — the ~10⁶ order survives either way.
NA10-30	NA-10	R⊙ = 6.957 × 10⁸ m	R⊙	6.957 × 10⁸	m	IAU nominal solar radius (exact by adoption, not a CBE)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (adopted constant)	IAU 2015 Res. B3; Prša et al. 2016, AJ 152:41	IAU re-adoption.
NA10-31	NA-10	L⊙ = 3.828 × 10²⁶ W	L⊙	3.828 × 10²⁶	W	IAU nominal solar luminosity	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (adopted constant)	IAU 2015 Res. B3; Prša et al. 2016	As above.
NA10-32	NA-10	S⊙ = 1361 W/m²	S⊙	1361	W/m²	IAU nominal total solar irradiance	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (adopted constant)	IAU 2015 Res. B3; Prša et al. 2016	As above.
NA10-33	NA-10	T_eff,⊙ = 5772 K	T_eff,⊙	5772	K	IAU nominal solar effective temperature	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (adopted constant)	IAU 2015 Res. B3; Prša et al. 2016	As above.
NA10-34	NA-10	(GM)⊙ = 1.3271244 × 10²⁰ m³/s²	(GM)⊙	1.3271244 × 10²⁰	m³/s²	IAU nominal solar mass parameter	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (adopted constant)	IAU 2015 Res. B3; Prša et al. 2016	As above.
NA10-35	NA-10	R_eE = 6.3781 × 10⁶ m	R_eE	6.3781 × 10⁶	m	IAU nominal terrestrial equatorial radius (polar: 6.3568 × 10⁶)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (adopted constant)	IAU 2015 Res. B3; Prša et al. 2016	As above.
NA10-36	NA-10	AU = 1.495 978 707 × 10¹¹ m	AU	1.495 978 707 × 10¹¹	m	astronomical unit, exact by IAU definition	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (defined)	IAU 2012 Res. B2 (definition; primary not read in this pass)	Fetch IAU 2012 Res. B2.
NA10-37	NA-10	D25_MW = 26.8 ± 1.1 (≈8.3 × 10²⁰ m) kpc	D25_MW	26.8 ± 1.1 (≈8.3 × 10²⁰ m)	kpc	Milky Way isophotal diameter	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (secondary summary; primary not read in this pass)	attributed to Goodwin et al. 1997/98, The Observatory 118:201–208	Read the primary; an independent estimate outside 25.7–27.9 kpc.
NA10-38	NA-10	R₀ = 8178 ± 13(stat) ± 22(sys) (≈ 8.178 kpc; 0.16% stat, 0.27% total) pc	R₀	8178 ± 13(stat) ± 22(sys) (≈ 8.178 kpc; 0.16% stat, 0.27% total)	pc	Sun → Galactic Centre; direct geometric measurement — S2's orbit via VLTI/GRAVITY interferometry + 27 yr astrometry/spectroscopy	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (current standard reference)	GRAVITY Collab. (Abuter et al.) 2019, A&A 625:L10, DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/201935656 (primary read in this pass)	An independent geometric measurement outside ~8.13–8.23 kpc.
NA10-39	NA-10	R₀ — the 2016 standoff (historical; resolved) = 8.32 ± 0.07(stat) ± 0.14(sys) vs 7.86 ± 0.14(stat) ± 0.04(sys) — ~2.2σ apart on errors combined in quadrature; intervals do not overlap kpc	R₀ — the 2016 standoff (historical; resolved)	8.32 ± 0.07(stat) ± 0.14(sys) vs 7.86 ± 0.14(stat) ± 0.04(sys) — ~2.2σ apart on errors combined in quadrature; intervals do not overlap	kpc	Sgr A* stellar orbits: Gillessen = multistar fit; Boehle = combined S2+S38 fit. Boehle's S2-only fit gives 8.02 ± 0.36 ± 0.04, 'completely consistent' with GRAVITY — the offset is the combined fit, not the data	OBSERVED-CONTESTED → resolved by method	Gillessen et al. 2017, ApJ 837:30 (arXiv:1611.09144) vs Boehle et al. 2016, ApJ 830:17; both values and the S2-only diagnosis quoted in GRAVITY Collab. 2019	Superseded as a live value by the row above; retained as the worked averaging-trap case. Refuted if the S2-only/combined-fit diagnosis is overturned.
NA10-40	NA-10	Ladder span = ~10³⁶ dimensionless	Ladder span	~10³⁶	dimensionless	r_p → D25_MW	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
NA10-41	NA-10	'Information density' gradient — no value carried	'Information density' gradient	—	—	across rungs 1–16	NOT-MEASURED	no measurand located	State the measurand + units; measure two non-adjacent rungs.
NA10-42	NA-10	'Degree of internal model' gradient — no value carried	'Degree of internal model' gradient	—	—	across rungs 1–16	NOT-MEASURED	no measurand located	As above. Until then it is rhetoric.
NA10-43	NA-10	Trophic transfer efficiency = ~10% nominal; measured spread wide %	Trophic transfer efficiency	~10% nominal; measured spread wide	%	ecosystem energy flux	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	not confirmed here	Fetch a primary survey (e.g. Lindeman and successors).
NA10-44	NA-10	O₂ tissue penetration = ~100–200 µm	O₂ tissue penetration	~100–200	µm	why capillary spacing is what it is	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	standard physiology, primary not located	Fetch a primary; Krogh-cylinder measurement.
NA10-45	NA-10	Womersley α (aorta) = ~20 dimensionless	Womersley α (aorta)	~20	dimensionless	human aorta, rest	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	standard cardiovascular reference	Fetch a primary.
NA10-46	NA-10	MTE list = 8 transitions	MTE list	8 transitions	—	Maynard Smith & Szathmáry	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a published framework)	Maynard Smith & Szathmáry 1995, OUP, ISBN 978-0-19-850294-4; Szathmáry & Maynard Smith 1995, Nature 374(6519):227–232	—
NA10-47	NA-10	MTE 'lacks theoretical unity' objection — no value carried	MTE 'lacks theoretical unity' objection	—	—	criticism of the list, esp. transition 8	NOT-SOURCED in this pass — recorded from secondary summary only	West et al. 2015, PNAS 112(33):10112–9 argues toward 'a more unified description' but its abstract does not propose excluding transitions	Locate the primary making the theoretical-unity objection; do not attribute it on this chapter's authority.

CN-01 — Rocks: the mineral substrate

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-01-rocks.md · 43 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN01-01	CN-01	n_IMA = 6,200 valid species	n_IMA	6,200	valid species	IMA-CNMNC list, January 2026 — a dated snapshot, not a constant	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	IMA-CNMNC, The New IMA List of Minerals (2026-01)	Consult current CNMNC master list; a different count. This row is built to go stale — see r_IMA.
CN01-02	CN-01	r_IMA = ~78–105 (mean ~91 over 2024-09 → 2026-01) valid species added per year	r_IMA	~78–105 (mean ~91 over 2024-09 → 2026-01)	valid species added per year	IMA-CNMNC list-to-list deltas; the rate is not steady — the most recent interval is the slowest	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Computed in-chapter from successive IMA Master Lists: 6079 (2024-09) → 6126 (2025-03) → 6161 (2025-07) → 6200 (2026-01)	Recount from successive CNMNC master lists; a rate outside the band.
CN01-03	CN-01	d_Si–O = ~1.62 (range 1.55–1.72) Å	d_Si–O	~1.62 (range 1.55–1.72)	Å	Si–O, tetrahedral coordination, silicate structures	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (primary not read this pass)	Si–O bond-length literature (Brown & Gibbs, Am Mineral; Cruickshank's rule ~1.63 Å)	Refine a silicate structure; mean Si–O outside 1.55–1.72.
CN01-04	CN-01	θ_O–Si–O = 109.47 degrees	θ_O–Si–O	109.47	degrees	ideal regular tetrahedron; real angles distort	MODELED	Geometry; Hückel-energy minimum at ideal angle (Am Mineral 57:1614)	A regular-tetrahedron silicate at a different angle.
CN01-05	CN-01	Si:O series = 0.25 → 0.286 → 0.333 → 0.364 → 0.40 → 0.50 dimensionless	Si:O series	0.25 → 0.286 → 0.333 → 0.364 → 0.40 → 0.50	dimensionless	neso→soro→cyclo/ino₁→ino₂→phyllo→tecto	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from stoichiometry	Arithmetic error.
CN01-06	CN-01	bridging O = 0 → 1 → 2 → 2.5 → 3 → 4 per tetrahedron	bridging O	0 → 1 → 2 → 2.5 → 3 → 4	per tetrahedron	same series	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN01-07	CN-01	N_sg = 230 (32 point groups, 14 Bravais lattices, 7 systems) space groups	N_sg	230 (32 point groups, 14 Bravais lattices, 7 systems)	space groups	periodic order in 3-D Euclidean space — a closed formal result about the space, not a survey of rocks	MODELED (closed formal result; deliberately not an empirical class — no mineral could refute it)	Fedorov (1891); Schoenflies (1891); list corrected to 230 by 1892	Formal, not empirical: re-derive the enumeration — exhibit a 231st periodic group, or a duplicate among the 230.
CN01-08	CN-01	quasicrystal = 5-fold symmetry, no translational periodicity	quasicrystal	5-fold symmetry, no translational periodicity	—	outside all 230; synthetic 1984, natural 2009, named 2011, meteoritic 2012 — three papers, three scopes	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Shechtman, Blech, Gratias & Cahn (1984), Phys Rev Lett 53:1951–1953 (synthetic); Bindi, Steinhardt, Yao & Lu (2009), Science 324:1306–1309 (natural); Bindi et al. (2011), Am Mineral 96:928–931 (the name icosahedrite + Al₆₃Cu₂₄Fe₁₃); Bindi et al. (2012), PNAS 109:1396–1401 (Khatyrka meteorite origin)	Show icosahedrite is periodic or a twinning artefact.
CN01-09	CN-01	Al₂SiO₅ triple pt = both carried: ~501 °C, ~3.8 kbar (1971) and 504 ± 20 °C, 3.75 ± 0.25 kbar (1993) °C, kbar	Al₂SiO₅ triple pt	both carried: ~501 °C, ~3.8 kbar (1971) and 504 ± 20 °C, 3.75 ± 0.25 kbar (1993)	°C, kbar	kyanite–andalusite–sillimanite invariant point; scoped to the Holdaway line of work — the wider aluminosilicate triple-point literature is not carried in this row	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Holdaway (1971), Am J Sci 271:97–131; reevaluated Holdaway & Mukhopadhyay (1993), Am Mineral 78:298–315	Re-run the brackets; coordinates outside 504 ± 20 °C, 3.75 ± 0.25 kbar. Do not average the two — the 1971 point falls inside the 1993 brackets, which is agreement, not licence to merge.
CN01-10	CN-01	H_qtz = 12.1 ± 1.1 (micro) / 14.5 ± 0.4 (DSI) GPa	H_qtz	12.1 ± 1.1 (micro) / 14.5 ± 0.4 (DSI)	GPa	quartz (0001)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Whitney, Broz & Cook (2007), Am Mineral 92:281–288, Table 1	Independent indentation on (0001) outside range.
CN01-11	CN-01	E*_qtz = 117 ± 3 GPa	E*_qtz	117 ± 3	GPa	quartz (0001), indentation modulus	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Whitney et al. (2007), Table 1	As above.
CN01-12	CN-01	K_IC,qtz = 1.5 ± 0.3 MPa·m^½	K_IC,qtz	1.5 ± 0.3	MPa·m^½	quartz (0001)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Whitney et al. (2007)	As above.
CN01-13	CN-01	H_orth = 6.9 ± 0.7 (micro) / 9.1 ± 0.6 (DSI) GPa	H_orth	6.9 ± 0.7 (micro) / 9.1 ± 0.6 (DSI)	GPa	orthoclase (101), Mohs 6	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Whitney et al. (2007), Table 1	As above.
CN01-14	CN-01	H_per = 5.3 ± 1.0 (micro) / 9.4 ± 1.4 (DSI) GPa	H_per	5.3 ± 1.0 (micro) / 9.4 ± 1.4 (DSI)	GPa	periclase MgO, Mohs 6–6.5 — polycrystalline synthetic reference material, not a single crystal. Softer than orthoclase by microhardness only; the DSI column preserves Mohs order for the pair (9.4 ± 1.4 vs 9.1 ± 0.6, overlapping)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (the values) / scope-mismatched for any rank-inversion claim — Mohs is a single-crystal scratch test	Whitney et al. (2007), Table 1	Re-indent single-crystal MgO; the microhardness inversion disappears.
CN01-15	CN-01	K_IC,per = 3.9 ± 0.8 MPa·m^½	K_IC,per	3.9 ± 0.8	MPa·m^½	periclase — toughest of that set, and among the softest; polycrystalline synthetic	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Whitney et al. (2007)	As above.
CN01-16	CN-01	H_ky = Mohs 5–5.5 on (001) vs Mohs 7 on (100)/(010); DSI 14.8 ± 1.4 on (001); E* 186 ± 8 → 253 ± 19 GPa	H_ky	Mohs 5–5.5 on (001) vs Mohs 7 on (100)/(010); DSI 14.8 ± 1.4 on (001); E* 186 ± 8 → 253 ± 19	GPa	kyanite — one crystal, two Mohs numbers, face-dependent; and (001), the table's lowest Mohs entry, is harder by DSI than orthoclase (9.1) and periclase (9.4) — the clean rank inversion: single-crystal, no reference-sample caveat	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Whitney et al. (2007), Table 1	Indent both faces and find isotropy; or find (001) softer than orthoclase by DSI.
CN01-17	CN-01	Mohs linearity = none	Mohs linearity	none	—	Mohs vs indentation H, K_IC, E* across the scale	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Broz, Cook & Whitney (2006), Am Mineral 91:135–142	Exhibit a monotone linear map from Mohs to any measured property.
CN01-18	CN-01	ρ (PREM) = 1.02 / 2.60 / 3.38 / 5.57 / 9.90 / 13.09 g/cm³	ρ (PREM)	1.02 / 2.60 / 3.38 / 5.57 / 9.90 / 13.09	g/cm³	ocean / upper crust / sub-Moho mantle / base of mantle / outer-core top / centre	MODELED (posterior)	Dziewonski & Anderson (1981), Phys Earth Planet Inter 25:297–356; tabulated PREM_1s (IRIS/SAGE EMC)	Refit with new data; densities move.
CN01-19	CN-01	S-wave shadow = no S arrival through the outer core	S-wave shadow	no S arrival through the outer core	—	the observation — the outer core has no shear strength. This is the datum the model is conditioned on, and it is not PREM	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Oldham (1906), Q J Geol Soc 62:456–475; Gutenberg (1913), Phys Z 14:1217–1218; Jeffreys (1926), MNRAS Geophys Suppl 1:371 (the core is liquid — his decisive argument was a tidal rigidity budget, not the shadow itself)	Observe an S-wave traversing the outer core.
CN01-20	CN-01	Vs outer core = 0 (imposed) km/s	Vs outer core	0 (imposed)	km/s	PREM, 2891–5149.5 km — a parameterisation constraint, not a fit result: PREM defines the outer core as fluid and sets μ = 0 a priori	MODELED (model input — the one interior number that is not output; do not quote it as '0.00000')	PREM tabulated	Not falsifiable as model output — it is an assumption. Falsify the assumption via the row above.
CN01-21	CN-01	Vs inner core = 3.50431 (ICB) → 3.66780 (centre) km/s	Vs inner core	3.50431 (ICB) → 3.66780 (centre)	km/s	PREM inner core — transmits shear; fitted, unlike the outer-core zero	MODELED (posterior)	PREM tabulated	Show the inner core does not transmit shear.
CN01-22	CN-01	Vp/Vs = 1.813 (upper crust) / 1.825 (sub-Moho) / 1.888 (base mantle) / ∞ (outer core) / 3.147 (ICB) dimensionless	Vp/Vs	1.813 (upper crust) / 1.825 (sub-Moho) / 1.888 (base mantle) / ∞ (outer core) / 3.147 (ICB)	dimensionless	PREM	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from PREM tabulated Vpv/Vsv	Arithmetic error.
CN01-23	CN-01	ν = 0.281 / 0.285 / 0.305 / 0.5 / 0.444 dimensionless	ν	0.281 / 0.285 / 0.305 / 0.5 / 0.444	dimensionless	Poisson's ratio, same horizons; ν = (Vp²−2Vs²)/(2(Vp²−Vs²))	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from PREM	Arithmetic error; interpretation of ν≈0.44 not claimed.
CN01-24	CN-01	t½ ²³⁸U = (4.4683 ± 0.0024) × 10⁹ yr	t½ ²³⁸U	(4.4683 ± 0.0024) × 10⁹	yr	—	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jaffey et al. (1971), Phys Rev C 4:1889–1906	Re-measure specific activity; outside stated uncertainty.
CN01-25	CN-01	t½ ²³⁵U = (7.0381 ± 0.0048) × 10⁸ yr	t½ ²³⁵U	(7.0381 ± 0.0048) × 10⁸	yr	ratio to ²³⁸U = 6.35× — the concordia's leverage	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jaffey et al. (1971)	As above.
CN01-26	CN-01	t½ ⁴⁰K = (1.2522 ± 0.0027) × 10⁹ yr	t½ ⁴⁰K	(1.2522 ± 0.0027) × 10⁹	yr	⁴⁰K half-life (coverage factor not read this pass — fetch the primary)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	DDEP 2025 evaluation; Mougeot et al., Metrologia 63(1) (2026), doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ae3733	Supersedes 1.248 ± 0.003 × 10⁹ — re-evaluate.
CN01-27	CN-01	⁴⁰K branches = β⁻→⁴⁰Ca 89.56(7)%; EC→⁴⁰Ar total ≈10.44% = EC* 10.34(7)% (excited state, 1460.8 keV γ) + EC₀ 0.098% (ground state, no γ). 89.56 + 10.44 = 100.00 %	⁴⁰K branches	β⁻→⁴⁰Ca 89.56(7)%; EC→⁴⁰Ar total ≈10.44% = EC* 10.34(7)% (excited state, 1460.8 keV γ) + EC₀ 0.098% (ground state, no γ). 89.56 + 10.44 = 100.00	%	K–Ar uses EC₀ + EC*, i.e. all radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar — not EC* alone. Quoting 10.34% as 'the EC branch' drops a channel and loses 0.10% of the decay	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	DDEP 2025 evaluation (Mougeot et al. 2026); EC₀ first observed by the KDK collaboration, Phys Rev Lett 131:052503 (2023): I(EC₀) = 0.098% ± 0.023 (stat) ± 0.010 (sys)	Branches that fail to sum to 100%; or an EC₀ re-measurement outside the KDK uncertainty.
CN01-28	CN-01	t½ ⁸⁷Rb = 49.61 ± 0.16 Ga	t½ ⁸⁷Rb	49.61 ± 0.16	Ga	λ₈₇ = (1.3972 ± 0.0045) × 10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Villa, De Bièvre, Holden & Renne (2015), GCA 164:382–385	Independent determination outside stated uncertainty.
CN01-29	CN-01	t½ ¹⁴⁷Sm = 106.25 ± 0.38 Ga	t½ ¹⁴⁷Sm	106.25 ± 0.38	Ga	λ₁₄₇ = (6.524 ± 0.024) × 10⁻¹² a⁻¹, k = 2	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Villa et al. (2020), GCA (IUPAC-IUGS recommendation)	As above.
CN01-30	CN-01	t½ ¹⁴⁶Sm = 92.0 ± 2.6 (k = 1) — the current determination Ma	t½ ¹⁴⁶Sm	92.0 ± 2.6 (k = 1) — the current determination	Ma	direct re-determination by mass spectrometry + α-counting; agrees with neither legacy value	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (one dedicated determination; not yet independently repeated)	Chiera, Sprung, Amelin, Dressler, Schumann & Talip (2024), Sci Rep, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64104-6	Independent re-determination outside 92.0 ± 2.6.
CN01-31	CN-01	t½ ¹⁴⁶Sm (legacy) = ~68 (retracted) or ~103 Ma	t½ ¹⁴⁶Sm (legacy)	~68 (retracted) or ~103	Ma	SUPERSEDED FRAMING — do not 'compute both.' Villa et al. (2020) declined to recommend either 'pending dedicated re-investigations'; that re-investigation was published in 2024. The ~68 Ma value was retracted by its authors (Kinoshita et al.)	SUPERSEDED (framing superseded)	Villa et al. (2020), GCA (IUPAC-IUGS); retraction + history recorded in Chiera et al. (2024)	This row's falsifier already fired. Kept as the receipt for why 'carry both' no longer applies.
CN01-32	CN-01	t_CAI = 4567.30 ± 0.16 Ma	t_CAI	4567.30 ± 0.16	Ma	oldest solar-system solids; U-corrected Pb-Pb	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Connelly et al. (2012), Science 338:651–655	Independent Pb-Pb outside uncertainty.
CN01-33	CN-01	t_zircon = 4404 ± 8 Ma	t_zircon	4404 ± 8	Ma	Jack Hills detrital zircon; δ¹⁸O 7.4→5.0‰	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wilde, Valley, Peck & Graham (2001), Nature 409:175–178	An older confirmed terrestrial grain; or refute the δ¹⁸O inference.
CN01-34	CN-01	f_bio,2008 = ~2/3 of 4,300 species	f_bio,2008	~2/3 of 4,300	species	SUPERSEDED — DO NOT CITE	SUPERSEDED (withdrawn)	Hazen et al. (2008), Am Mineral 93:1693–1720	Superseded by the authors themselves — see next row.
CN01-35	CN-01	f_bio,excl = ~34 % of 5,659	f_bio,excl	~34	% of 5,659	form exclusively via biological processes	MODELED — single-team assignment of species to the authors' own 57 proposed paragenetic modes; no independent replication	Hazen & Morrison (2022), Am Mineral 107:1262–1287, doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099	Standing falsifier: nobody has independently re-audited the paragenetic-mode assignments. Do so.
CN01-36	CN-01	n_bio,infl = at least 2,707 of 5,659 (47.8%) species	n_bio,infl	at least 2,707 of 5,659 (47.8%)	species	form under biological influence (not exclusively) — the authors' explicit 'at least': a lower bound, not a point estimate	MODELED (as above; unreplicated)	Hazen & Morrison (2022)	As above.
CN01-37	CN-01	n_bio,excl = >1,900 species	n_bio,excl	>1,900	species	exclusively biological — a planetary biomarker; already stated as a bound	MODELED (as above; unreplicated)	Hazen & Morrison (2022)	As above.
CN01-38	CN-01	n_water = at least 4,583 (81.0%) species	n_water	at least 4,583 (81.0%)	species	water–rock interaction — the authors' explicit 'at least'. Largest single factor, ahead of life — but this ranks two lower bounds; it is not a measured margin	MODELED (as above; unreplicated)	Hazen & Morrison (2022)	As above.
CN01-39	CN-01	n_weather = 1,998 species	n_weather	1,998	species	near-surface weathering/oxidation — commonest paragenetic mode	MODELED (as above; unreplicated)	Hazen & Morrison (2022)	As above.
CN01-40	CN-01	n_modes = 57 (3,349 species = 59.2% from one mode only) paragenetic modes	n_modes	57 (3,349 species = 59.2% from one mode only)	paragenetic modes	across 5,659 species; 'our proposed' scheme, the authors adding 'we welcome additions and corrections'	MODELED — the classification scheme itself; unreplicated	Hazen & Morrison (2022)	As above.
CN01-41	CN-01	stage counts = ~12 → ~250 → ~1,500 species	stage counts	~12 → ~250 → ~1,500	species	ur-minerals → meteorite/lunar → pre-biological	MODELED (author's institutional summary; primary not read — the 2008 PDF returned HTTP 404 this pass)	Hazen et al. (2008) as summarised at hazen.carnegiescience.edu	Read Am Mineral 93:1693–1720 directly and confirm.
CN01-42	CN-01	K_qtz, G_qtz, ρ_qtz — no value carried	K_qtz, G_qtz, ρ_qtz	—	GPa, g/cm³	single-crystal adiabatic bulk/shear moduli, quartz & olivine	NOT-MEASURED (not sourced this pass)	—	Fetch Bass (1995), AGU Ref. Shelf 2:45–63.
CN01-43	CN-01	d_borehole = 12,262 m	d_borehole	12,262	m	Kola SG-3 — deepest direct sample of the Earth by true vertical depth (longer directional wells exist by measured length); ~0.19% of the way to the centre	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Popov, Pevzner, Pimenov & Romushkevich (1999), Tectonophysics 306(3–4):345–366	A deeper true-vertical borehole; or a re-survey of SG-3 outside 12,262 m.

CN-02 — Water: the anomalous solvent everything else assumes

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-02-water.md · 45 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN02-01	CN-02	T_ρmax = 3.983 °C	T_ρmax	3.983	°C	liquid H₂O, 1 atm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wikipedia Properties of water (compiling standard reference data)	Densimetry finding max outside 3.9–4.1 °C at 1 atm.
CN02-02	CN-02	ρ(3.983 °C) = 0.99997495(84) g/mL	ρ(3.983 °C)	0.99997495(84)	g/mL	as above	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	Value outside stated uncertainty.
CN02-03	CN-02	ρ(0 °C) = 0.99984283(84) g/mL	ρ(0 °C)	0.99984283(84)	g/mL	liquid, 1 atm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN02-04	CN-02	ρ(25 °C) = 0.99704702(83) g/mL	ρ(25 °C)	0.99704702(83)	g/mL	liquid, 1 atm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN02-05	CN-02	Δρ/ρ (0→3.983 °C) = 1.32 × 10⁻⁴ (132 ppm) dimensionless	Δρ/ρ (0→3.983 °C)	1.32 × 10⁻⁴ (132 ppm)	dimensionless	the density anomaly's magnitude	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the two rows above	Arithmetic error.
CN02-06	CN-02	ρ_ice = 0.9167 g/mL	ρ_ice	0.9167	g/mL	ice Ih, 0 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wikipedia Properties of water	Structural/densimetric measurement outside ±0.001.
CN02-07	CN-02	ice density deficit = 8.32 %	ice density deficit	8.32	%	(1 − 0.9167/0.99984)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN02-08	CN-02	freezing expansion = 9.07 % vol	freezing expansion	9.07	% vol	(0.99984/0.9167 − 1) — not the same as the row above	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN02-09	CN-02	k_ice = ~2.2 (~2.2–2.3; rises as T falls) W/(m·K)	k_ice	~2.2 (~2.2–2.3; rises as T falls)	W/(m·K)	ice Ih, 0 °C, 1 atm — higher than liquid water	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary compilation)	Wikipedia List of thermal conductivities (CRC-sourced row, ~273 K); closure: fetch a primary	Measurement at 0 °C, 1 atm outside ~2.1–2.4.
CN02-10	CN-02	k_water = ~0.561 W/(m·K)	k_water	~0.561	W/(m·K)	liquid water, 0 °C, 1 atm — cf. ~0.607 at 25 °C; the 0 °C value is the one used in the lake argument, and the two must not be mixed	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary)	as above (compilations print 0.6065 with no temperature stated; the T is supplied in-chapter)	Measurement at 0 °C, 1 atm outside ~0.55–0.57.
CN02-11	CN-02	k_snow = ~0.074 (range ~0.05–0.25) W/(m·K)	k_snow	~0.074 (range ~0.05–0.25)	W/(m·K)	seasonal snow, density-dependent	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	J Glaciology, 'The thermal conductivity of seasonal snow'	Measurement outside range at stated density.
CN02-12	CN-02	cₚ = 4.181 (4.184 at 20 °C) J/(g·K)	cₚ	4.181 (4.184 at 20 °C)	J/(g·K)	liquid water, 25 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wikipedia Table of specific heat capacities (secondary compilation; cites Ashby et al., Young & Geller)	Calorimetry outside ±1 %.
CN02-13	CN-02	cₚ ammonia = 4.700 — exceeds water J/(g·K)	cₚ ammonia	4.700 — exceeds water	J/(g·K)	liquid NH₃, 25 °C, saturation pressure ~10 bar (1003 kPa; liquid at 25 °C only under pressure — normal bp −33.34 °C)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary; T and P are not stated in the cited compilation — condition supplied in-chapter. Whether ammonia leads water across the whole liquid range is NOT-VERIFIED)	as above	Calorimetry at stated T and P showing ammonia < water.
CN02-14	CN-02	cₚ ethanol / methanol / mercury = 2.440 / 2.140 / 0.1395 J/(g·K)	cₚ ethanol / methanol / mercury	2.440 / 2.140 / 0.1395	J/(g·K)	25 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary)	as above	As above.
CN02-15	CN-02	molar cₚ: water / ethanol = 75.3 / 112.4 — ethanol wins J/(mol·K)	molar cₚ: water / ethanol	75.3 / 112.4 — ethanol wins	J/(mol·K)	25 °C	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (cₚ × M; M = 18.015 / 46.07)	Arithmetic error.
CN02-16	CN-02	volumetric cₚ, water = 4.17 J/(cm³·K)	volumetric cₚ, water	4.17	J/(cm³·K)	25 °C	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (4.181 × 0.99705)	Arithmetic error.
CN02-17	CN-02	ρ_air = 1.204 kg/m³	ρ_air	1.204	kg/m³	dry air, 20 °C, 101325 Pa	MODELED	Computed in-chapter: P/(R_sp·T), R_sp = 287.05 J/(kg·K)	Ideal-gas assumption refuted at these conditions.
CN02-18	CN-02	water : air, cₚ per volume = ~3,400× dimensionless	water : air, cₚ per volume	~3,400×	dimensionless	20–25 °C, 1 atm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic or input error.
CN02-19	CN-02	ΔH_vap = 2257 (40.65 kJ/mol) kJ/kg	ΔH_vap	2257 (40.65 kJ/mol)	kJ/kg	100 °C, normal boiling point	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wikipedia Properties of water; corroborated by steam-table sources in this pass	Calorimetry outside ±1 %.
CN02-20	CN-02	ΔH_vap ethanol = 38.56 kJ/mol = 837 J/g — near-equal per mole kJ/mol	ΔH_vap ethanol	38.56 kJ/mol = 837 J/g — near-equal per mole	kJ/mol	ethanol, normal bp	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (tertiary compilation; primary not fetched)	surfaced in this pass; falsifier/closure: fetch CRC or NIST	Primary value outside ±2 %.
CN02-21	CN-02	λ_sweat = ~2430 J/g	λ_sweat	~2430	J/g	the theoretical value at skin temperature — not a measured physiological constant; Havenith measured λ_eff to approach it for evaporation from the skin	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as the value λ_eff approaches at the skin)	Havenith et al. 2013, J Appl Physiol 114(6):778–785	A measured λ_eff for skin evaporation outside 2400–2450.
CN02-22	CN-02	λ_eff reduction = up to ~80 — site-dependent: 11 / 28 / >62 / →80 %	λ_eff reduction	up to ~80 — site-dependent: 11 / 28 / >62 / →80	%	by evaporation distance from skin: underwear + permeable coverall 11; evaporation from the underwear under a permeable outer 28; from the outermost layer only, no base layer >62, rising toward 80 with more layers between skin and wet outerwear	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Havenith et al. 2013 (thermal manikin)	A manikin study finding λ_eff reduction outside 11–80 % across these evaporation sites.
CN02-23	CN-02	sweat to shed 100 W / 1000 W = 148 g/h / 1.48 kg/h	sweat to shed 100 W / 1000 W	148 g/h / 1.48 kg/h	—	pure evaporative, λ = 2430 J/g	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN02-24	CN-02	human sweat rate = ~0.5–2.0 (elite in heat >2.5) L/h	human sweat rate	~0.5–2.0 (elite in heat >2.5)	L/h	exercising humans	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary summaries; primary not fetched)	Sawka et al. 2007, ACSM Position Stand, Med Sci Sports Exerc; closure: fetch the primary	A measured band outside ~0.5–2.0 L/h.
CN02-25	CN-02	γ = 71.97 mN/m	γ	71.97	mN/m	water–vapour, 25 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	IAPWS R1-76(2014), recomputed in-chapter from its own correlation → 71.972. The widely-copied 71.99 is Wikipedia Properties of water — a different source	Tensiometry outside IAPWS's ±0.5 % below 100 °C.
CN02-26	CN-02	κ⁻¹ = 2.71 mm	κ⁻¹	2.71	mm	capillary length, √(γ/ρg), 25 °C	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from γ, ρ(25 °C), g = 9.80665	Arithmetic error.
CN02-27	CN-02	Bo (strider leg) = 3.4 × 10⁻⁴ dimensionless	Bo (strider leg)	3.4 × 10⁻⁴	dimensionless	ρgL²/γ, L = 50 µm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter — leg radius is an order-of-magnitude assumption, not sourced	Source a real leg radius; recompute.
CN02-28	CN-02	strider propulsion = momentum via hemispherical vortices, not primarily capillary waves	strider propulsion	momentum via hemispherical vortices, not primarily capillary waves	—	Gerridae, adults and infants	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hu, Chan & Bush 2003, Nature 424(6949):663–666	Flow visualisation showing wave-dominated momentum transfer.
CN02-29	CN-02	Jurin rise, r = 10 µm / 5 nm = 1.47 m / ~2.9 km m	Jurin rise, r = 10 µm / 5 nm	1.47 m / ~2.9 km	m	h = 2γcosθ/(ρgr), θ = 0, 25 °C	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN02-30	CN-02	h_tree,max = 112.7 measured; 122–130 predicted m	h_tree,max	112.7 measured; 122–130 predicted	m	Sequoia sempervirens; ceiling set by leaf water potential, not the meniscus	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (measured) / MODELED (ceiling)	Koch et al. 2004, Nature 428:851–854	A taller undamaged tree; or a mechanism refuting the water-potential limit.
CN02-31	CN-02	μ_gas = 1.8546 D	μ_gas	1.8546	D	H₂O, gas phase, equilibrium	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary compilation; primary not fetched)	Wikipedia Properties of water — which states no uncertainty; closure: fetch Clough et al. 1973, J Chem Phys 59:2254, or the NIST/CRC dipole-moment table	Primary measurement outside 1.8546 ± 0.001 D.
CN02-32	CN-02	μ_liquid = ~2.6–2.9 (ice Ih ~3.09 ± 0.04) D	μ_liquid	~2.6–2.9 (ice Ih ~3.09 ± 0.04)	D	convention-dependent — no partitioning-free measurement exists	OBSERVED-CONTESTED / MODELED	reports surfaced in this pass span 2.6–2.9 ± 0.6	A partitioning-independent determination.
CN02-33	CN-02	ε_r = ≈78.4 dimensionless	ε_r	≈78.4	dimensionless	static dielectric constant, pure water, 25 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 115815; formulation: IAPWS R8-97 (Fernández et al., doi 10.1063/1.555997)	Value outside ±0.5 at 25 °C.
CN02-34	CN-02	Coulomb attenuation = ~78× dimensionless	Coulomb attenuation	~78×	dimensionless	F ∝ 1/ε_r	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from ε_r	Continuum-dielectric assumption refuted at ionic contact.
CN02-35	CN-02	ΔH_soln(NaCl) = +3.9 — endothermic kJ/mol	ΔH_soln(NaCl)	+3.9 — endothermic	kJ/mol	NaCl in excess water	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary/tertiary; primary not fetched)	surfaced in this pass; closure: fetch CRC/NIST	Calorimetry showing exothermic dissolution.
CN02-36	CN-02	NaCl Born–Haber terms = lattice ~+787; ΔH_hyd Na⁺ ~−406, Cl⁻ ~−363 → sum ≈ +18 vs +3.9 measured kJ/mol	NaCl Born–Haber terms	lattice ~+787; ΔH_hyd Na⁺ ~−406, Cl⁻ ~−363 → sum ≈ +18 vs +3.9 measured	kJ/mol	the ~14 kJ/mol gap is the decomposition's error bar	MODELED	as above	A decomposition closing to the measured value.
CN02-37	CN-02	ΔH_sub(ice Ih) = 51.059 kJ/mol	ΔH_sub(ice Ih)	51.059	kJ/mol	ice Ih, 0 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (tertiary compilation)	LSBU Water Structure and Science (Chaplin); primary in Geochim Cosmochim Acta — not fetched in this pass	Fetch the primary; value outside ±0.1.
CN02-38	CN-02	H-bond energy = ≤25.5 (bound); ~23.3 (estimate) kJ/mol	H-bond energy	≤25.5 (bound); ~23.3 (estimate)	kJ/mol	no standard definition exists	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	bound computed in-chapter (51.059/2); estimate: Chaplin, 'Water's Hydrogen Bond Strength', arXiv:0706.1355	An agreed operational definition separating the H-bond from dispersion.
CN02-39	CN-02	τ_HB,osc = 170 fs	τ_HB,osc	170	fs	underdamped H-bond oscillation period; OH of HOD in D₂O	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fecko et al. 2003, Science 301(5640):1698–1702	Femtosecond IR outside 150–200 fs.
CN02-40	CN-02	τ_HB,decay = 1.2 ps	τ_HB,decay	1.2	ps	decay of vibrational correlations (collective reorganisation)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fecko et al. 2003	Femtosecond IR outside ~1–1.5 ps.
CN02-41	CN-02	L_crossover = ~1 nm	L_crossover	~1	nm	hydrophobic small→large regime crossover	MODELED (theory + simulation)	Huang & Chandler 2000, PNAS 97(15):8324–8327; Lum, Chandler & Weeks 1999, J Phys Chem B 103:4570–4577	A measurement placing the crossover an order of magnitude away.
CN02-42	CN-02	hydrophobic driver, < 1 nm = entropic — network intact, 'hydrogen bonds simply go around the solute'	hydrophobic driver, < 1 nm	entropic — network intact, 'hydrogen bonds simply go around the solute'	—	small solutes	MODELED	Huang & Chandler 2000	Solvation entropy measured near zero for small apolar solutes.
CN02-43	CN-02	hydrophobic driver, > 1 nm = enthalpic — network depleted, surface partially dries	hydrophobic driver, > 1 nm	enthalpic — network depleted, surface partially dries	—	extended apolar surfaces	MODELED	Huang & Chandler 2000; Lum et al. 1999	Measurement showing no density depletion at an extended apolar surface.
CN02-44	CN-02	θ_HOH = 104.48 degrees	θ_HOH	104.48	degrees	H–O–H bond angle	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wikipedia Properties of water	Structural measurement outside ±0.1°.
CN02-45	CN-02	ε_r-of-a-drink claims — no value carried	ε_r-of-a-drink claims	—	—	any bulk property of ingested 'structured water'	NOT-MEASURED	not sourced in this pass — no such measurement located	Produce one.

CN-03 — Air: the atmosphere as a working fluid

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-03-air.md · 80 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN03-01	CN-03	f_N2 = 78.084 % by volume	f_N2	78.084	% by volume	dry air, sea level	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NASA NSSDC Earth Fact Sheet (Colorado mirror)	Independent composition measurement outside ±0.01%.
CN03-02	CN-03	f_O2 = 20.946 % by volume	f_O2	20.946	% by volume	dry air, sea level	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN03-03	CN-03	f_Ar = 9,340 (0.934%) ppm by volume	f_Ar	9,340 (0.934%)	ppm by volume	dry air	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN03-04	CN-03	P_O2 = 212 hPa	P_O2	212	hPa	O₂ partial pressure at 1013.25 hPa	MODELED	Computed in-chapter: 0.20946 × 1013.25	Arithmetic.
CN03-05	CN-03	f_H2O = ~1 (highly variable) % by volume	f_H2O	~1 (highly variable)	% by volume	near-surface, typical	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above ('Water is highly variable')	—
CN03-06	CN-03	[CO₂] = 431.44 ppm	[CO₂]	431.44	ppm	Mauna Loa monthly mean, June 2026	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NOAA GML Trends in CO₂, updated 05 Jul 2026	Re-read the record; a different published monthly mean for June 2026.
CN03-07	CN-03	[CO₂] prior yr = 429.61 ppm	[CO₂] prior yr	429.61	ppm	Mauna Loa monthly mean, June 2025	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NOAA GML, as above	As above.
CN03-08	CN-03	Δ[CO₂]/yr = 1.83 ppm/yr	Δ[CO₂]/yr	1.83	ppm/yr	June 2025 → June 2026, single-site	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NOAA GML, as above	As above.
CN03-09	CN-03	[CO₂] 2026 peak = 432.2 ± 0.6 ppm	[CO₂] 2026 peak	432.2 ± 0.6	ppm	forecast monthly mean, May 2026	MODELED	Met Office annual CO₂ forecast	Compare against the realised May 2026 observation.
CN03-10	CN-03	[CO₂] NASA row = 350 ppm	[CO₂] NASA row	350	ppm	STALE — as printed on the fact sheet	INADMISSIBLE as current	NASA NSSDC Earth Fact Sheet (mirror)	Already refuted by the NOAA row above.
CN03-11	CN-03	H = 8.43 km	H	8.43	km	RT/(Mg); T=288 K, M=0.028964 kg/mol, g=9.807	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic; or refute an input.
CN03-12	CN-03	H (published) = 8.5 km	H (published)	8.5	km	Earth scale height as listed	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NASA NSSDC Earth Fact Sheet (mirror)	Independent value outside 8–9 km.
CN03-13	CN-03	z(½ mass) = 5.84 km	z(½ mass)	5.84	km	H·ln2, isothermal	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic; isothermal assumption.
CN03-14	CN-03	P/P₀ (Everest) = 0.350	P/P₀ (Everest)	0.350	—	z = 8.849 km, isothermal H = 8.43 km	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Compare to measured summit barometry.
CN03-15	CN-03	P/P₀ (100 km) = 7 × 10⁻⁶	P/P₀ (100 km)	7 × 10⁻⁶	—	model out of range — see fence	MODELED (failing)	Computed in-chapter	Any real 100 km pressure measurement — it refutes this row, by design.
CN03-16	CN-03	M_atm = 5.27 × 10¹⁸ (vs ≈5.15 × 10¹⁸ accepted) kg	M_atm	5.27 × 10¹⁸ (vs ≈5.15 × 10¹⁸ accepted)	kg	P₀A/g; gap = mean surface elevation	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; accepted value not primary-sourced in this pass	Fetch a primary M_atm; check the 990 hPa reconciliation.
CN03-17	CN-03	ρ_air = 1.204 kg/m³	ρ_air	1.204	kg/m³	20 °C, 101.325 kPa; PM/RT	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic.
CN03-18	CN-03	ρ_air (surface) = 1.217 kg/m³	ρ_air (surface)	1.217	kg/m³	288 K, 1014 mb	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NASA NSSDC Earth Fact Sheet (mirror)	Independent measurement >2% off.
CN03-19	CN-03	μ_air = 1.81 × 10⁻⁵ Pa·s	μ_air	1.81 × 10⁻⁵	Pa·s	20 °C, 1 atm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard reference; cross-checks against Sutherland's formula → 1.813 × 10⁻⁵	Fetch NIST/CRC; a value outside 1.79–1.84 × 10⁻⁵ refutes.
CN03-20	CN-03	μ_water = 1.002 × 10⁻³ Pa·s	μ_water	1.002 × 10⁻³	Pa·s	20 °C, 1 atm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard reference (IAPWS-class value)	Fetch IAPWS; outside 0.99–1.01 × 10⁻³ refutes.
CN03-21	CN-03	ρ_water = 998.2 kg/m³	ρ_water	998.2	kg/m³	20 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard reference	Fetch a primary table.
CN03-22	CN-03	ν_air = 1.50 × 10⁻⁵ m²/s	ν_air	1.50 × 10⁻⁵	m²/s	20 °C, 1 atm; μ/ρ	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the two rows above: 1.81 × 10⁻⁵ / 1.204 = 1.503 × 10⁻⁵	Either input refuted.
CN03-23	CN-03	ν_water = 1.00 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s	ν_water	1.00 × 10⁻⁶	m²/s	20 °C; μ/ρ	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; cross-checks vs. published 1.0038 mm²/s at 20.2 °C	Either input refuted.
CN03-24	CN-03	ν_air/ν_water = 15.0 dimensionless	ν_air/ν_water	15.0	dimensionless	20 °C	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic.
CN03-25	CN-03	ρ_water/ρ_air = 829 dimensionless	ρ_water/ρ_air	829	dimensionless	20 °C	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic.
CN03-26	CN-03	μ_water/μ_air = 55 dimensionless	μ_water/μ_air	55	dimensionless	20 °C — note the inversion vs ν	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (829/55 = 15 ✓)	Arithmetic.
CN03-27	CN-03	Re insect = ~6 × 10² dimensionless	Re insect	~6 × 10²	dimensionless	3 mm, 3 m/s, air	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; inputs order-of-magnitude	Inputs refuted.
CN03-28	CN-03	Re bat = ~7 × 10⁴ dimensionless	Re bat	~7 × 10⁴	dimensionless	0.1 m chord, 10 m/s, air	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; inputs order-of-magnitude	Inputs refuted.
CN03-29	CN-03	Re whale = ~1.5 × 10⁷ dimensionless	Re whale	~1.5 × 10⁷	dimensionless	3 m chord, 5 m/s, water	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; inputs order-of-magnitude	Inputs refuted.
CN03-30	CN-03	c_air = 343.2 m/s	c_air	343.2	m/s	20 °C; √(γRT/M), γ=1.400	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Measured c outside 342–344 m/s at 20 °C.
CN03-31	CN-03	c_air (0 °C) = 331.3 m/s	c_air (0 °C)	331.3	m/s	0 °C, same formula	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	As above.
CN03-32	CN-03	c ∝ √T = exponent ½	c ∝ √T	exponent ½	—	ideal gas; independent of pressure	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from √(γRT/M)	Demonstrate a pressure dependence of c at fixed T.
CN03-33	CN-03	c_water = ~1,482 m/s	c_water	~1,482	m/s	20 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard reference	Fetch a primary value.
CN03-34	CN-03	α ∝ f² = exponent 2	α ∝ f²	exponent 2	—	classical (Stokes–Kirchhoff) term only	MODELED	classical acoustics	Not the observed exponent below 10 kHz — see next rows.
CN03-35	CN-03	α (measured) = 1 kHz: 4.7 / 10 kHz: 160 dB/km	α (measured)	1 kHz: 4.7 / 10 kHz: 160	dB/km	20 °C, 101.325 kPa, 50% RH	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (tertiary reproduction)	NPL Kaye & Laby tables, as reproduced by Frontier Labs	Fetch NPL/ISO 9613-1 directly; a value >20% off refutes.
CN03-36	CN-03	α(10k)/α(1k) = 34 (pure f² predicts 100) dimensionless	α(10k)/α(1k)	34 (pure f² predicts 100)	dimensionless	20 °C, 50% RH	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the row above	Arithmetic; or the source table refuted.
CN03-37	CN-03	α humidity shape = non-monotonic: peak 280 at 20% RH; 190 → 240 → 95 dB/km at 10 → 30 → 90% RH dB/km	α humidity shape	non-monotonic: peak 280 at 20% RH; 190 → 240 → 95 dB/km at 10 → 30 → 90% RH	dB/km	10 kHz, 20 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (tertiary reproduction)	as above	A primary table showing monotonic humidity dependence at 10 kHz.
CN03-38	CN-03	α below 1 kHz — no value carried	α below 1 kHz	—	dB/km	infrasound / low audio band	NOT-MEASURED	not fetched in this pass	Fetch ISO 9613-1 tables for 50–1000 Hz.
CN03-39	CN-03	range @ 100 dB = 21 km (1 kHz) vs 0.63 km (10 kHz) km	range @ 100 dB	21 km (1 kHz) vs 0.63 km (10 kHz)	km	20 °C, 50% RH, absorption only	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Either input refuted.
CN03-40	CN-03	Rayleigh = ∝ 1/λ⁴	Rayleigh	∝ 1/λ⁴	—	scatterers ≪ λ	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Strutt [Rayleigh] 1871, Phil. Mag. 41:107–120, 274–279	A small-particle scattering exponent ≠ 4.
CN03-41	CN-03	blue/red = 4.4 dimensionless	blue/red	4.4	dimensionless	(650/450)⁴	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic.
CN03-42	CN-03	violet/red = 7.0 dimensionless	violet/red	7.0	dimensionless	(650/400)⁴ — yet the sky is blue	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic.
CN03-43	CN-03	T_e = 254.6 K	T_e	254.6	K	[S(1−α)/4σ]^¼; S=1361 W/m², α=0.30	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; S and albedo not primary-sourced in this pass — and the NASA sheet cited elsewhere in this chapter disagrees	Fetch CERES/TSI primaries; the cited fact sheet's own 0.385 / 1367.6 / 247.3 K disagree with this row and are believed superseded.
CN03-44	CN-03	Bond albedo + T_e (NASA sheet) = 0.385 → T_e 247.3 (printed); 246.8 recomputed from its own S and α — / K	Bond albedo + T_e (NASA sheet)	0.385 → T_e 247.3 (printed); 246.8 recomputed from its own S and α	— / K	as printed on the fact sheet, with its S = 1367.6 W/m²	INADMISSIBLE as current	NASA NSSDC Earth Fact Sheet (Colorado mirror) — same sheet, same defect as its 350 ppm CO₂ row	Superseded by modern CERES-era planetary albedo ≈0.29–0.31 and TSI ≈1361 W/m²; refute those and this row returns and the greenhouse gap becomes ~41 K.
CN03-45	CN-03	T_s = 288 K	T_s	288	K	mean surface temperature	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NASA NSSDC Earth Fact Sheet (mirror)	Independent value >2 K off.
CN03-46	CN-03	greenhouse ΔT = 33.4 K	greenhouse ΔT	33.4	K	T_s − T_e	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Either input refuted.
CN03-47	CN-03	η_Carnot = ≤ 0.15 (15%) dimensionless	η_Carnot	≤ 0.15 (15%)	dimensionless	1 − 255/300; a ceiling, not a performance	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic; or refute the reservoir temperatures.
CN03-48	CN-03	KE generation — no value carried	KE generation	—	W/m²	fraction of solar input → circulation KE	NOT-MEASURED	not fetched in this pass	Fetch a primary energetics budget.
CN03-49	CN-03	Ω = 7.2921 × 10⁻⁵ rad/s	Ω	7.2921 × 10⁻⁵	rad/s	Earth sidereal rotation	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard geodetic constant	Fetch IERS conventions.
CN03-50	CN-03	f(45°) = 1.031 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹	f(45°)	1.031 × 10⁻⁴	s⁻¹	2Ω sin φ	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic.
CN03-51	CN-03	Ro synoptic = 0.097 dimensionless	Ro synoptic	0.097	dimensionless	U=10 m/s, L=1,000 km, φ=45°	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Inputs refuted.
CN03-52	CN-03	Ro tornado = ~4.8 × 10³ dimensionless	Ro tornado	~4.8 × 10³	dimensionless	U=50 m/s, L=100 m	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Inputs refuted.
CN03-53	CN-03	Ro sink = ~3 × 10² dimensionless	Ro sink	~3 × 10²	dimensionless	U=0.01 m/s, L=0.3 m	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; U is a plausible residual, order-of-magnitude	Measure the residual circulation in a real sink.
CN03-54	CN-03	Hadley extent = ~30 ° latitude	Hadley extent	~30	° latitude	equator → subtropics, approximately axisymmetric	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard atmospheric dynamics	An observed circulation terminating far from 30°.
CN03-55	CN-03	Hadley local Ro = ~1 (0.3–0.6 at extremities) dimensionless	Hadley local Ro	~1 (0.3–0.6 at extremities)	dimensionless	vorticity-based Ro_L = −ζ̄/f — different definition	MODELED (secondary; see NOT-SOURCED)	axisymmetric Hadley literature (Hill & Bordoni; Schneider 1977), via a fetched summary	Fetch the primary; a value far from unity.
CN03-56	CN-03	GOE = 2.33 (vs ~2.4–2.45 commonly quoted) Ga	GOE	2.33 (vs ~2.4–2.45 commonly quoted)	Ga	last occurrence of S-MIF, South Africa	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Luo et al. 2016, Sci. Adv. 2:e1600134	See next row — asynchrony would void 'a' date.
CN03-57	CN-03	GOE synchrony = disputed	GOE synchrony	disputed	—	S-isotope signals may be globally asynchronous	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Nat. Commun. (2018) 'Globally asynchronous sulphur isotope signals…'; Nat. Commun. (2023) 'Reconciling discrepant minor sulfur isotope records…'	A globally synchronous S-MIF disappearance.
CN03-58	CN-03	O₂ Permian peak = ~30 %	O₂ Permian peak	~30	%	Phanerozoic maximum, late Palaeozoic	MODELED	Berner 2006, GCA 70(23):5653–5664; rev. Berner 2009, Am. J. Sci. 309(7):603–606	Recompute the mass balance; a proxy measurement contradicting.
CN03-59	CN-03	O₂ at 300 Ma = ~45% above present relative	O₂ at 300 Ma	~45% above present	relative	as reported alongside Snelling et al.	MODELED	via phys.org report of Snelling et al. 2026	Consistent with the ~30% row (30/20.95 = 1.43).
CN03-60	CN-03	Wingspan M. permiana = ~71 cm	Wingspan M. permiana	~71	cm	Early Permian griffinfly; largest known insect	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Guinness World Records (wing impressions, Elmo, Kansas, 1937); widely reported	A larger insect wing fossil.
CN03-61	CN-03	Tracheole vol. fraction = ≤1 % of flight-muscle volume	Tracheole vol. fraction	≤1	% of flight-muscle volume	most insect species	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Snelling et al. 2026, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10291-3	Independent morphometry >2× off.
CN03-62	CN-03	Tracheole scaling = 1.8-fold over a 10⁴-fold mass range	Tracheole scaling	1.8-fold over a 10⁴-fold mass range	—	incl. extension to M. permiana	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Snelling et al. 2026	Show strong compensation in giant taxa.
CN03-63	CN-03	Capillary comparison = ~10× the tracheole fraction	Capillary comparison	~10× the tracheole fraction	—	bird/mammal cardiac muscle	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Snelling et al. 2026	Independent morphometry.
CN03-64	CN-03	O₂-limitation hypothesis = CONTESTED	O₂-limitation hypothesis	CONTESTED	—	tracheal O₂ limits max insect size	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	For: Harrison, Kaiser & VandenBrooks 2010, Proc. R. Soc. B 277(1690):1937–1946. Against: Snelling et al. 2026, Nature	Rearing experiments across aPO₂ resolving max size; do not average the two positions.
CN03-65	CN-03	W/S ∝ m^(1/3); v ∝ m^(1/6) = exponents ⅓, ⅙	W/S ∝ m^(1/3); v ∝ m^(1/6)	exponents ⅓, ⅙	—	isometric scaling of a flyer	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Show non-isometric wing-area scaling that breaks it.
CN03-66	CN-03	P_req ∝ m^(7/6) = exponent 7/6	P_req ∝ m^(7/6)	exponent 7/6	—	induced power, isometric	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; = Pennycuick's 7/6 law	Arithmetic; or measured power scaling ≠ 7/6.
CN03-67	CN-03	P_avail ∝ m^(2/3) = exponent 2/3	P_avail ∝ m^(2/3)	exponent 2/3	—	muscle mass ∝ m, wingbeat frequency falls with size	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; the second curve in the crossing	Measured power-available scaling ≠ 2/3.
CN03-68	CN-03	max flapping mass (theory) = ~12 kg	max flapping mass (theory)	~12	kg	aerobically powered continuous flapping flight; m^(7/6) vs m^(2/3) crossing	MODELED (NOT-SOURCED — via secondary reports, not the primary)	Pennycuick's aerodynamic theory; secondary reports also give 'largest extant flying species ≈12–14 kg' (Pennycuick 1989)	Fetch the primary; or a measured power-available exponent ≠ 2/3.
CN03-69	CN-03	heaviest extant flyers (census) = large males average ~16; verified individuals >20, accounts to ~21 kg	heaviest extant flyers (census)	large males average ~16; verified individuals >20, accounts to ~21	kg	great bustard (Otis tarda) / kori bustard (Ardeotis kori)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	widely reported census figures — the ~16 kg figure is a mean, not a maximum	Fetch a primary mass series; a verified maximum outside 19–21 kg.
CN03-70	CN-03	ceiling vs census = exceedance, not agreement	ceiling vs census	exceedance, not agreement	—	heaviest bustards sit above the ~12 kg theoretical ceiling	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	this chapter; the two rows above, each in its own scope	Show a >16 kg bird sustaining continuous aerobic flapping → refutes the ceiling. Show bustard flight is burst-only → the ceiling's scope condition holds and the exceedance is not one.
CN03-71	CN-03	whale wing area = ~2,715 (span ~147 m at AR 8) m²	whale wing area	~2,715 (span ~147 m at AR 8)	m²	m=1.5×10⁵ kg, v=30 m/s, C_L=1.0, ρ=1.204	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; mass is order-of-magnitude	Arithmetic; inputs.
CN03-72	CN-03	whale V_air vs V_water = 1.2 × 10⁵ vs ~146 m³	whale V_air vs V_water	1.2 × 10⁵ vs ~146	m³	buoyant displacement needed; ratio = 852 = ρ_seawater/ρ_air (cf. 829 for fresh water at 20 °C — different fluid, different row)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter: 1026/1.204 = 852	Arithmetic.
CN03-73	CN-03	Pelagornis wingspan = 6.06–7.38 m	Pelagornis wingspan	6.06–7.38	m	depends on feather-reconstruction method	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Ksepka 2014, PNAS, doi:10.1073/pnas.1320297111	Re-measure; a span outside the range.
CN03-74	CN-03	Pelagornis mass = ~22–40 kg	Pelagornis mass	~22–40	kg	regression-dependent; exceeds the flapping ceiling — it soared	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Ksepka 2014	As above.
CN03-75	CN-03	Quetzalcoatlus mass = 70 / 200–250 / 544 — a ~8× spread kg	Quetzalcoatlus mass	70 / 200–250 / 544 — a ~8× spread	kg	10–11 m wingspan; same fossils, three answers	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Chatterjee & Templin 2004 (~70); Paul 2002 / Witton 2008 / Witton & Habib 2010 / Martin & Palmer 2014 (~200–250, the consensus cluster); Henderson 2010 (~544) — via secondary reports	A method reconciling the three; do not quote one as 'the' mass — and do not round the ends inward, which shrinks the finding.
CN03-76	CN-03	Gaia (regulation) — no value carried	Gaia (regulation)	—	—	biosphere homeostatically regulates the planet	HYPOTHESIZED	Lovelock & Margulis 1974, Tellus 26(1–2):2–10	Specify a unit of selection, or a mechanism needing none, that survives Doolittle/Dawkins.
CN03-77	CN-03	Atmospheric disequilibrium = observed	Atmospheric disequilibrium	observed	—	e.g. O₂/CH₄ coexistence; belongs to no theory	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Lovelock & Margulis 1974 and standard atmospheric chemistry	Show the atmosphere is at thermodynamic equilibrium.
CN03-78	CN-03	Daisyworld = existence proof of a mechanism — not evidence Earth uses it	Daisyworld	existence proof of a mechanism — not evidence Earth uses it	—	model world; local selfish fitness → global T stability	MODELED	Watson & Lovelock 1983, Tellus B 35(4):284–289	Model reproduction failing to stabilise; cannot be falsified by anything about Earth — that is the point.
CN03-79	CN-03	Bathtub Coriolis (as told) = INADMISSIBLE	Bathtub Coriolis (as told)	INADMISSIBLE	—	'your sink swirls by hemisphere'	INADMISSIBLE	refuted by Ro ~3 × 10² above	Measure sink vorticity sign vs. hemisphere without controlling residual circulation.
CN03-80	CN-03	Bathtub Coriolis (as done) = detected	Bathtub Coriolis (as done)	detected	—	6-ft tank, 6 in deep, covered, 24 h settling	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Shapiro 1962, 'Bath-Tub Vortex', Nature 196(4859):1080–1081; Southern-Hemisphere counterpart, Nature 207:1084	Repeat with settling and fail to see the rotation.

CN-04 — Stars: the factory that made every atom in the cell

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-04-stars.md · 45 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN04-01	CN-04	dP/dr = −GM(r)ρ(r)/r² Pa/m	dP/dr	−GM(r)ρ(r)/r²	Pa/m	hydrostatic equilibrium; any star on timescales ≫ sound-crossing	MODELED	standard stellar structure	A stable star with a measured pressure gradient inconsistent with its mass distribution.
CN04-02	CN-04	ν_pp = ~4 dimensionless (∂ln ε/∂ln T)	ν_pp	~4	dimensionless (∂ln ε/∂ln T)	p-p chain near 15 MK	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard nuclear astrophysics	Measured cross-section temperature dependence outside range.
CN04-03	CN-04	ν_CNO = ~18–20 dimensionless	ν_CNO	~18–20	dimensionless	CNO cycle near 15–20 MK	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; not primary-sourced in this pass)	as above	As above.
CN04-04	CN-04	ν_3α = ~40 dimensionless	ν_3α	~40	dimensionless	triple-alpha near 10⁸ K	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; not primary-sourced in this pass)	as above	As above.
CN04-05	CN-04	T_c,☉ = 1.54 × 10⁷ K	T_c,☉	1.54 × 10⁷	K	standard solar model, current epoch	MODELED	arXiv:2501.09971 Table 1; cf. Salmon et al. 2021, A&A 651, A106	An SSM variant outside 1.4–1.7 × 10⁷ K reproducing helioseismology + neutrinos.
CN04-06	CN-04	ρ_c,☉ = 149 g/cm³	ρ_c,☉	149	g/cm³	standard solar model, current epoch	MODELED	arXiv:2501.09971 Table 1	As above.
CN04-07	CN-04	ρ_mean,☉ = 1.41 g/cm³	ρ_mean,☉	1.41	g/cm³	M☉/((4/3)πR☉³), M☉=1.989×10³⁰ kg, R☉=6.957×10⁸ m	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN04-08	CN-04	ρ_c/ρ_mean = ~106 dimensionless	ρ_c/ρ_mean	~106	dimensionless	Sun	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the two rows above	Arithmetic error.
CN04-09	CN-04	P_c (uniform-ρ) = ~1.3 × 10¹⁴ Pa	P_c (uniform-ρ)	~1.3 × 10¹⁴	Pa	3GM²/(8πR⁴), Sun — a lower bound, not a value; the SSM value is ~170× higher	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN04-10	CN-04	P_c,☉ (SSM) = 2.3 × 10¹⁶ Pa	P_c,☉ (SSM)	2.3 × 10¹⁶	Pa	standard solar model, current epoch	MODELED	arXiv:2501.09971 Table 1	An SSM variant outside this range reproducing helioseismology + neutrinos.
CN04-11	CN-04	λ_J = c_s√(π/(Gρ)) m	λ_J	c_s√(π/(Gρ))	m	Jeans length, isothermal, uniform static background	MODELED	Jeans 1902, Phil Trans R Soc A 199:1–53	See the Jeans-swindle row.
CN04-12	CN-04	Jeans swindle = derivation linearises about a background that is not a solution	Jeans swindle	derivation linearises about a background that is not a solution	—	the λ_J derivation	INADMISSIBLE as rigorous	Binney & Tremaine, Galactic Dynamics	A derivation retaining the background field that recovers λ_J.
CN04-13	CN-04	α (MLR) = 2.028 / 4.572 / 5.743 / 4.329 / 3.967 / 2.865 dimensionless	α (MLR)	2.028 / 4.572 / 5.743 / 4.329 / 3.967 / 2.865	dimensionless	six pieces over 0.179–31 M☉; 509 stars, detached eclipsing binaries	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Eker et al. 2018, MNRAS 479(4):5491–5511, doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1834 (Table 4)	An independent DEB sample with a single exponent, or different break points.
CN04-14	CN-04	α = 3.5 = not found in any piece dimensionless	α = 3.5	not found in any piece	dimensionless	the textbook value	SUPERSEDED	contradicted by Eker et al. 2018	Show a mass range where 3.5 is the calibrated fit.
CN04-15	CN-04	t_MS,☉ = ~10¹⁰ yr	t_MS,☉	~10¹⁰	yr	Sun, main sequence	MODELED (standard reference; not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard stellar evolution	Evolutionary track outside 8–12 Gyr.
CN04-16	CN-04	t_MS(30 M☉) = 2 × 10⁶ (α=3.5) vs 1.8 × 10⁷ (α=2.865); robust range 10⁶–10⁷ yr	t_MS(30 M☉)	2 × 10⁶ (α=3.5) vs 1.8 × 10⁷ (α=2.865); robust range 10⁶–10⁷	yr	t ∝ M^(1−α), anchored on the Sun	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Eker et al. 2018 + t ∝ M/L	A detailed evolutionary track for 30 M☉ outside 10⁶–10⁷ yr.
CN04-17	CN-04	t_☉,formation = 4.567 × 10⁹ yr	t_☉,formation	4.567 × 10⁹	yr	Pb–Pb dating of CAIs	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Connelly et al. 2012, Science 338:651–655	Independent radiometric dating >1% off.
CN04-18	CN-04	f_pp / f_CNO = ~99 / ~1 % of solar energy	f_pp / f_CNO	~99 / ~1	% of solar energy	standard solar model	MODELED, confirmed for CNO	Salmon et al. 2021, A&A 651, A106; arXiv:2501.09971	An SSM with a materially different split fitting the neutrino data.
CN04-19	CN-04	Φ(CNO) final = 6.7 (+1.2 / −0.8) × 10⁸ cm⁻² s⁻¹	Φ(CNO) final	6.7 (+1.2 / −0.8) × 10⁸	cm⁻² s⁻¹	solar CNO neutrinos; CID over the complete 2007–2021 dataset + an improved Phase-III spectral fit	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Borexino Collaboration 2023, Phys Rev D 108:102005, arXiv:2307.14636	An independent detector outside the interval.
CN04-20	CN-04	Φ(CNO) first detection = 7.0 (+3.0 / −2.0) × 10⁸ cm⁻² s⁻¹	Φ(CNO) first detection	7.0 (+3.0 / −2.0) × 10⁸	cm⁻² s⁻¹	solar CNO neutrinos; Borexino Phase-III spectral fit, 1,072 d live time	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Borexino Collaboration 2020, Nature 587:577–582, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2934-0	Superseded in precision, not in fact.
CN04-21	CN-04	t½(⁸Be) = ~10⁻¹⁶ s	t½(⁸Be)	~10⁻¹⁶	s	⁸Be ground state, unbound	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard nuclear data; not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard nuclear data tables	Measured lifetime >10× off.
CN04-22	CN-04	E_x(Hoyle) predicted = ~7.68 MeV	E_x(Hoyle) predicted	~7.68	MeV	Hoyle's prediction from the observed carbon abundance, 1953	— (a prediction, not a measurement)	Hoyle, Dunbar, Wenzel & Whaling 1953, Phys Rev 92:1095	Historical record.
CN04-23	CN-04	E_x(Hoyle) first measured = 7.68 MeV	E_x(Hoyle) first measured	7.68	MeV	Kellogg Radiation Laboratory, 1953	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Dunbar, Pixley, Wenzel & Whaling 1953, Phys Rev 92:649–650, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.92.649	Superseded in precision, not in fact.
CN04-24	CN-04	E_x(Hoyle) modern = 7,654.07 ± 0.19 keV	E_x(Hoyle) modern	7,654.07 ± 0.19	keV	¹²C second excited state, 0⁺	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	NNDC, via Freer & Fynbo 2014, Prog Part Nucl Phys 78:1–23	A measurement outside ±0.19 keV.
CN04-25	CN-04	BE/A(⁶²Ni) = 8.7945 MeV/nucleon	BE/A(⁶²Ni)	8.7945	MeV/nucleon	highest known binding energy per nucleon	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard nuclear mass tables	A nuclide measured higher.
CN04-26	CN-04	BE/A(⁵⁸Fe) = 8.7922 MeV/nucleon	BE/A(⁵⁸Fe)	8.7922	MeV/nucleon	second	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN04-27	CN-04	BE/A(⁵⁶Fe) = 8.7903 MeV/nucleon	BE/A(⁵⁶Fe)	8.7903	MeV/nucleon	third — but lowest mass per nucleon (a different quantity)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	Show ⁵⁶Fe has the highest BE/A, or that mass/nucleon and BE/A are the same quantity.
CN04-28	CN-04	ΔBE/A (⁶²Ni − ⁵⁶Fe) = 4.2 (0.048%) keV/nucleon	ΔBE/A (⁶²Ni − ⁵⁶Fe)	4.2 (0.048%)	keV/nucleon	the whole 'iron peak' spread	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the rows above	Arithmetic error.
CN04-29	CN-04	t½(⁵⁶Ni → ⁵⁶Co) = ~6 d	t½(⁵⁶Ni → ⁵⁶Co)	~6	d	powers the early Type Ia light curve	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard nuclear data; not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard nuclear data tables	Measured half-life >10% off.
CN04-30	CN-04	t½(⁵⁶Co → ⁵⁶Fe) = ~77 d	t½(⁵⁶Co → ⁵⁶Fe)	~77	d	powers the Type Ia light-curve tail	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard nuclear data; not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard nuclear data tables	As above.
CN04-31	CN-04	f_Fe,Ia = ~50–70 % of solar-neighbourhood ⁵⁶Fe	f_Fe,Ia	~50–70	% of solar-neighbourhood ⁵⁶Fe	chemical-evolution estimates genuinely spread	MODELED / CONTESTED	galactic chemical evolution literature; Johnson 2019, Science 363:474–478	A model-independent measurement of the split.
CN04-32	CN-04	Sr II in AT2017gfo = P Cygni ~8000 Å at 1.4, 2.4, 3.4 d post-merger	Sr II in AT2017gfo	P Cygni ~8000 Å at 1.4, 2.4, 3.4 d post-merger	—	kilonova AT2017gfo / GW170817	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Watson et al. 2019, Nature 574:497–500, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1676-3	Reanalysis attributing the feature to a non-r-process species.
CN04-33	CN-04	Au in AT2017gfo = NOT DETECTED; M_Au ≲ 10⁻², M_Pt ≲ few × 10⁻³ M☉ (upper limits)	Au in AT2017gfo	NOT DETECTED; M_Au ≲ 10⁻², M_Pt ≲ few × 10⁻³	M☉ (upper limits)	'no platinum or gold signatures are prominent in the ejecta'	NOT-MEASURED (upper limits only)	Gillanders et al. 2021, MNRAS 506(3):3560–3577, doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1861	A spectroscopic identification of Au or Pt in a kilonova.
CN04-34	CN-04	M_ejecta(AT2017gfo) — no value carried	M_ejecta(AT2017gfo)	—	M☉	total r-process ejecta mass	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	not confirmed here	Fetch the kilonova modelling papers and read the mass.
CN04-35	CN-04	r-process dominant site = mergers identified as a site; dominance open (delay-time vs Eu in metal-poor stars)	r-process dominant site	mergers identified as a site; dominance open (delay-time vs Eu in metal-poor stars)	—	galactic r-process budget	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Watson et al. 2019 (site); chemical-evolution tension	A chemical-evolution model reproducing early Eu with mergers alone.
CN04-36	CN-04	f_5min = ~3,300 (≈3.3 mHz, ~5 min period) μHz	f_5min	~3,300 (≈3.3 mHz, ~5 min period)	μHz	solar p-mode power peak	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Leighton, Noyes & Simon 1962, ApJ 135:474; Deubner 1975, A&A 44:371	Independent Doppler imaging failing to find the peak.
CN04-37	CN-04	Δc_s/c_s = 0.10 % (rms fractional)	Δc_s/c_s	0.10	% (rms fractional)	SSM vs helioseismic inversion, 0.05–0.95 R☉	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (inversion) / MODELED (the model side)	Bahcall, Pinsonneault & Basu 2001, ApJ 555:990	An independent inversion disagreeing at >0.5%.
CN04-38	CN-04	Solar abundance problem = low-Z (AGSS09) breaks helioseismic agreement; high-Z (GS98) preserves it; Borexino CNO favours high-Z	Solar abundance problem	low-Z (AGSS09) breaks helioseismic agreement; high-Z (GS98) preserves it; Borexino CNO favours high-Z	—	unresolved	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Asplund et al. 2009, ARA&A 47:481; Grevesse & Sauval 1998, Space Sci Rev 85:161; Borexino Collaboration 2023, Phys Rev D 108:102005; arXiv:2501.09971	An SSM reconciling AGSS09 abundances with 0.1% sound speed and the neutrino fluxes.
CN04-39	CN-04	Ṗ_b,obs/Ṗ_b,GR = 0.9983 ± 0.0016 dimensionless	Ṗ_b,obs/Ṗ_b,GR	0.9983 ± 0.0016	dimensionless	PSR B1913+16; 9,257 TOAs over 35 yr	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Weisberg & Huang 2016, ApJ 829:55, doi:10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/55	A ratio outside the interval on longer baselines.
CN04-40	CN-04	M_psr / M_comp = 1.438 ± 0.001 / 1.390 ± 0.001 M☉	M_psr / M_comp	1.438 ± 0.001 / 1.390 ± 0.001	M☉	PSR B1913+16	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Weisberg & Huang 2016	As above.
CN04-41	CN-04	d(B1913+16) = 4.1 (+2.0 / −0.7) kpc	d(B1913+16)	4.1 (+2.0 / −0.7)	kpc	VLBI annual geometric parallax, π = 0.24 (+0.06 / −0.08) mas. Weisberg & Huang 2016 instead assumed 9.8 ± 3.1 kpc (dispersion-measure based); the distance is the dominant systematic on the 0.9983 ratio	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Deller et al. 2018, ApJ 862:139, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacf95	An independent parallax outside the interval.
CN04-42	CN-04	L_Edd = 1.26 × 10³¹ (M/M☉) ≈ 3.3 × 10⁴ (M/M☉) L☉ W	L_Edd	1.26 × 10³¹ (M/M☉) ≈ 3.3 × 10⁴ (M/M☉) L☉	W	4πGMm_p c/σ_T; spherical, steady, ionised H, Thomson opacity only	MODELED	Eddington 1926, The Internal Constitution of the Stars; arithmetic computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error; or a steady spherical source persistently above it.
CN04-43	CN-04	L☉/L_Edd,☉ = 3.0 × 10⁻⁵ dimensionless	L☉/L_Edd,☉	3.0 × 10⁻⁵	dimensionless	3.828 × 10²⁶ / 1.26 × 10³¹	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN04-44	CN-04	Y_p = ~0.245 mass fraction	Y_p	~0.245	mass fraction	primordial helium, BBN/CMB concordance	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; not primary-sourced in this pass)	BBN/CMB literature	An independent determination outside ~0.24–0.25.
CN04-45	CN-04	Lithium problem = BBN+CMB over-predicts ⁷Li vs metal-poor stars by ~3×	Lithium problem	BBN+CMB over-predicts ⁷Li vs metal-poor stars by ~3×	—	primordial ⁷Li — open	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	BBN literature; Johnson 2019, Science 363:474–478	A resolution (stellar depletion, or new physics) that closes it.

CN-05 — DNA: the information substrate

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-05-dna.md · 62 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN05-01	CN-05	rise = ~3.4 (0.34) Å (nm) /bp	rise	~3.4 (0.34)	Å (nm) /bp	B-DNA	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Potaman & Sinden, NCBI Bookshelf NBK6545; Watson & Crick 1953, Nature 171:737–738	Structural measurement outside 3.3–3.5 Å under B-form conditions.
CN05-02	CN-05	bp/turn (fibre) = 10.0 bp	bp/turn (fibre)	10.0	bp	B-form fibre diffraction	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Watson & Crick 1953; as compared in Wang 1979	Re-analysis of fibre data giving ≠10.
CN05-03	CN-05	bp/turn (solution) = 10.4 ± 0.1 bp	bp/turn (solution)	10.4 ± 0.1	bp	B-DNA free in solution, physiological; topoisomer gel	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wang 1979, PNAS 76(1):200–203, doi:10.1073/pnas.76.1.200	Repeat topoisomer ladder; value outside 10.3–10.5.
CN05-04	CN-05	bp/turn (Rhodes & Klug) = 10.6 ± 0.1 bases	bp/turn (Rhodes & Klug)	10.6 ± 0.1	bases	DNase I cutting periodicity on DNA immobilised on three surfaces; the authors identify the value with the repeat in solution	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Rhodes & Klug 1980, Nature 286(5773):573–578, PMID 7402337	Repeat digestion periodicity outside 10.5–10.7.
CN05-05	CN-05	bp/turn 10.4 vs 10.6 = unreconciled — two primaries, same nominal condition (solution), two assays bp	bp/turn 10.4 vs 10.6	unreconciled — two primaries, same nominal condition (solution), two assays	bp	topoisomer ladder (Wang) vs DNase I periodicity (Rhodes & Klug)	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Wang 1979; Rhodes & Klug 1980	An assay reconciling the two, or a re-measurement collapsing the gap.
CN05-06	CN-05	bp/turn '10.5' = 10.5 bp	bp/turn '10.5'	10.5	bp	quoted everywhere; printed by Potaman & Sinden Table 1 as B-DNA residues/turn; sits between two unreconciled primaries	NOT-SOURCED in this pass (value printed in source; provenance not traced)	Potaman & Sinden, NBK6545 Table 1	Establish whether 10.5 is an independent determination, a rounding, or a midpoint of 10.4 and 10.6.
CN05-07	CN-05	diameter = 23 (A) / ~20 (B) / 18 (Z) Å	diameter	23 (A) / ~20 (B) / 18 (Z)	Å	A-, B-, Z-DNA	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Potaman & Sinden, NBK6545 Table 1	Structural measurement outside range.
CN05-08	CN-05	groove widths (12/6) = major ~12, minor ~6 Å	groove widths (12/6)	major ~12, minor ~6	Å	B-DNA, convention not sourced here	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	not confirmed here — NBK6545 Table 1 has no groove-width row; the prior attribution to it was fabricated (recorded in-chapter)	Fetch a primary printing these values and naming the measurement convention.
CN05-09	CN-05	groove widths (22/12) = 22 / 12 Å	groove widths (22/12)	22 / 12	Å	widely repeated textbook pair — different convention	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	not confirmed here	Fetch a primary source and name the measurement convention.
CN05-10	CN-05	groove convention offset = ~5.8 Å	groove convention offset	~5.8	Å	claimed offset between P–P and vdW-corrected conventions	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	not confirmed here	Fetch a primary defining groove width as smallest P–P separation minus the phosphate diameter. It accounts for 12 → 6.2 ≈ 6 but fails on 22 → 16.2 ≠ 12 (a 10 Å gap), so it does not reconcile the two pairs.
CN05-11	CN-05	A-DNA = 11 bp/turn; rise 2.55 Å; C3′-endo; 9 Å axial hole; tilt ~20°	A-DNA	11 bp/turn; rise 2.55 Å; C3′-endo; 9 Å axial hole; tilt ~20°	—	A-form	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Potaman & Sinden, NBK6545	Structural measurement outside range.
CN05-12	CN-05	Z-DNA = left-handed; 12 bp/turn; rise 3.7 Å; 18 Å; 30°/bp	Z-DNA	left-handed; 12 bp/turn; rise 3.7 Å; 18 Å; 30°/bp	—	Z-form, atomic-resolution crystal	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wang et al. 1979, Nature 282:680; Potaman & Sinden	Re-refinement contradicting handedness or repeat.
CN05-13	CN-05	ℓ_p = ~50 (~150) nm (bp)	ℓ_p	~50 (~150)	nm (bp)	dsDNA, ~0.1 M NaCl, ~20–25 °C; tweezers + AFM consensus	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Peters & Maher 2010, Q Rev Biophys 43(1):23–63, PMID 20478077	Independent single-molecule measurement outside 45–55 nm at the stated temperature and ionic strength.
CN05-14	CN-05	ℓ_p vs temperature = 53.2 nm (5 °C) → 42.5 nm (42 °C) nm	ℓ_p vs temperature	53.2 nm (5 °C) → 42.5 nm (42 °C)	nm	TBE + 10 mM MgCl₂ — a different ionic condition from the row above; j-factor + linking-number methods. A condition on the 50 nm consensus, not support for it: at ≥37 °C it sits at or below that row's own falsifier band	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Geggier, Kotlyar & Vologodskii 2011, NAR 39(4):1419–1426, PMID 20952402	A measurement showing ℓ_p temperature-independent across 5–42 °C.
CN05-15	CN-05	ℓ_p sub-100 bp = short DNA more bendable than WLC predicts	ℓ_p sub-100 bp	short DNA more bendable than WLC predicts	—	<100 bp cyclisation	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Vafabakhsh & Ha, Science, PMC3565842	A cyclisation method restoring WLC agreement below 100 bp.
CN05-16	CN-05	I/bp = 2 bits/bp	I/bp	2	bits/bp	log₂(4); upper bound, assumes no correlation	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error (the bound itself is definitional).
CN05-17	CN-05	G_human = 3,054,815,472 (+16,569 mtDNA) bp	G_human	3,054,815,472 (+16,569 mtDNA)	bp	T2T-CHM13, gapless, chr1–22 + X	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Nurk et al. 2022, Science 376:44–53, doi:10.1126/science.abj6987	Independent T2T assembly differing >0.1%.
CN05-18	CN-05	I_genome = 6.11e9 bits ≈ 764 MB (haploid); ~1.53 GB (diploid) bits/bytes	I_genome	6.11e9 bits ≈ 764 MB (haploid); ~1.53 GB (diploid)	bits/bytes	at 2 bits/bp, T2T-CHM13	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN05-19	CN-05	f_coding = 1–2 (exome ~1.5) % of genome	f_coding	1–2 (exome ~1.5)	% of genome	human	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Piovesan et al. 2019, BMC Res Notes, doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4343-8	Annotation revision moving coding fraction outside 1–2%.
CN05-20	CN-05	pg→bp = 1 pg = 0.978e9 bp	pg→bp	1 pg = 0.978e9	bp	flow-cytometry conversion	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Doležel et al. 2003, Cytometry A, doi:10.1002/cyto.a.10013	Re-derivation of nucleotide-pair molecular weight.
CN05-21	CN-05	G_onion = 16.75 pg ≈ 16.4 (≥95% repetitive) Gbp	G_onion	16.75 pg ≈ 16.4 (≥95% repetitive)	Gbp	Allium cepa 1C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	onion assembly literature (PMC8496297; PMC11865573) + Doležel conversion	Flow-cytometry re-measurement outside 15–18 Gbp.
CN05-22	CN-05	G_lungfish = 91 (~90% repeat) Gbp	G_lungfish	91 (~90% repeat)	Gbp	Lepidosiren paradoxa — largest sequenced animal genome	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schartl et al. 2024, Nature 634:96–103, doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07830-1	Independent assembly differing >10%.
CN05-23	CN-05	G_P.aethiopicus = ~130 Gbp	G_P.aethiopicus	~130	Gbp	marbled lungfish — estimate, NOT sequenced	OBSERVED-CONTESTED / NOT-SEQUENCED	flagged as unsequenced in Schartl et al. 2024 coverage	Sequence it.
CN05-24	CN-05	G_fern = 160.45 Gbp/1C	G_fern	160.45	Gbp/1C	Tmesipteris oblanceolata — current eukaryotic record	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fernández et al. 2024, iScience, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109889	Independent flow cytometry differing >10%.
CN05-25	CN-05	G_Paris = 152.23 pg ≈ 149 Gbp	G_Paris	152.23 pg ≈ 149	Gbp	Paris japonica 1C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Pellicer et al. 2010, Bot J Linn Soc 164(1):10, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01072.x	Re-measurement outside range.
CN05-26	CN-05	G_Polychaos = 670 pg (~655 Gbp)	G_Polychaos	670 pg (~655 Gbp)	—	Polychaos dubium — DO NOT USE	INADMISSIBLE	BNID 104470, flagged 'dubious report / outdated value'	Re-measure single nuclei with modern methods.
CN05-27	CN-05	ε_selection = ~10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ (in vitro); ~10⁻⁵ (in vivo E. coli, a review's round estimate) per bp	ε_selection	~10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ (in vitro); ~10⁻⁵ (in vivo E. coli, a review's round estimate)	per bp	polymerase base selection alone	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (assay-dependent)	Kunkel 2004, JBC 279(17):16895–8 (in vitro); Fijalkowska, Schaaper & Jonczyk 2012, FEMS Microbiol Rev 36(6):1105–1121, PMID 22404288 (the 10⁻⁵ estimate). Schaaper 1993 measures a 200,000–2,000,000-fold discrimination, not a rate	See in-vivo row below; an assay reconciling both.
CN05-28	CN-05	Schaaper's measured factors = base selection 200,000–2,000,000×; proofreading 40–200×; MMR 20–400× fold discrimination	Schaaper's measured factors	base selection 200,000–2,000,000×; proofreading 40–200×; MMR 20–400×	fold discrimination	E. coli, 866 sequenced lacI mutations in correction-deficient strains	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schaaper 1993, JBC 268(32):23762–23765, PMID 8226906	A re-dissection outside these fold ranges.
CN05-29	CN-05	ε_selection in vivo vs in vitro = in vivo base selectivity >100× higher than in vitro	ε_selection in vivo vs in vitro	in vivo base selectivity >100× higher than in vitro	—	yeast Pol ε / Pol δ, proofreading- and MMR-deficient background	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	St Charles et al. 2015, DNA Repair 31:41–51, doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.04.006	An in-vitro assay reproducing the in-vivo selectivity.
CN05-30	CN-05	ε_proof = ~10⁻⁷ as a ladder rung (= 10⁻⁵ × the review's ~10⁻² factor) per bp	ε_proof	~10⁻⁷ as a ladder rung (= 10⁻⁵ × the review's ~10⁻² factor)	per bp	+ 3′→5′ exonucleolytic proofreading	MODELED — a review's round decade; not reproduced by the measured factor	rung from Fijalkowska et al. 2012; measured factor = 40–200× (10⁻¹·⁶–10⁻²·³), Schaaper 1993	An in vivo proofreading gain measured outside 40–200×.
CN05-31	CN-05	ε_MMR = ~10⁻¹⁰ overall as the ladder rung (× the review's ~10⁻³ factor); measured overall band 10⁻⁹–10⁻¹¹ per bp	ε_MMR	~10⁻¹⁰ overall as the ladder rung (× the review's ~10⁻³ factor); measured overall band 10⁻⁹–10⁻¹¹	per bp	+ mismatch repair; overall	MODELED (the ladder rung); OBSERVED-REPLICATED (the overall band)	Fijalkowska et al. 2012 (abstract: 'as low as 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹¹ errors per base pair'); measured MMR factor = 20–400×, Schaaper 1993	Mutation-accumulation whole-genome rate outside 10⁻⁹–10⁻¹¹.
CN05-32	CN-05	ladder vs measured factors = Schaaper's measured factors on a 10⁻⁵ rung span ~10⁻⁷·⁹ to ~10⁻⁹·⁹ — reaching 10⁻¹⁰ only at the most generous edge per bp	ladder vs measured factors	Schaaper's measured factors on a 10⁻⁵ rung span ~10⁻⁷·⁹ to ~10⁻⁹·⁹ — reaching 10⁻¹⁰ only at the most generous edge	per bp	the decades do not reproduce from the measurement	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Schaaper 1993 + Fijalkowska et al. 2012	Arithmetic error; or a dissection whose measured factors compose to 10⁻¹⁰.
CN05-33	CN-05	proofreading asymmetry = strand-asymmetric (Pol ε leading vs Pol δ lagging); proofreading > MMR on average, but varies per mismatch	proofreading asymmetry	strand-asymmetric (Pol ε leading vs Pol δ lagging); proofreading > MMR on average, but varies per mismatch	—	yeast, in vivo	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	St Charles et al. 2015	A dissection showing strand symmetry.
CN05-34	CN-05	errors/replication = ~6.1e4 → ~610 → ~0.6 errors per diploid genome copy	errors/replication	~6.1e4 → ~610 → ~0.6	errors per diploid genome copy	6.11 Gbp at 10⁻⁵ / 10⁻⁷ / 10⁻¹⁰ (in-vivo ladder); ~6.1e5 at the in-vitro 10⁻⁴ rung	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error, or a refuted ε row.
CN05-35	CN-05	μ_germline = 1.20e-8 per nt per generation (mean paternal age 29.7; +~2 mutations/yr; paternal doubling ~16.5 yr)	μ_germline	1.20e-8	per nt per generation (mean paternal age 29.7; +~2 mutations/yr; paternal doubling ~16.5 yr)	human trios — different denominator from ε	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kong et al. 2012, Nature 488(7412):471–475, doi:10.1038/nature11396	Independent trio study outside range at matched paternal age.
CN05-36	CN-05	n_denovo = ~73 sites/generation	n_denovo	~73	sites/generation	1.2e-8 × 6.11e9	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error; direct counts use a callable-fraction denominator.
CN05-37	CN-05	L_DNA = 1.04 (2.08) m, haploid (diploid)	L_DNA	1.04 (2.08)	m, haploid (diploid)	3.055e9 bp × 0.34 nm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from rise + G_human	Arithmetic error, or rise refuted.
CN05-38	CN-05	V_nucleus = ~113 µm³	V_nucleus	~113	µm³	sphere, d = 6 µm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (geometry)	Geometric error; nuclei are not spheres.
CN05-39	CN-05	f_DNA,vol = ~5.8 % of nuclear volume	f_DNA,vol	~5.8	% of nuclear volume	DNA as r = 1 nm cylinder, 2.08 m, in 113 µm³	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error, or a refuted radius.
CN05-40	CN-05	packing ratio = ~3.5e5 dimensionless (linear)	packing ratio	~3.5e5	dimensionless (linear)	2.08 m / 6 µm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN05-41	CN-05	nucleosome = 146 bp @ 2.8 Å; 147 bp @ 1.9 Å; 1.65 superhelical turns; histone octamer bp	nucleosome	146 bp @ 2.8 Å; 147 bp @ 1.9 Å; 1.65 superhelical turns; histone octamer	bp	crystal structures — different crystals, both real	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Luger et al. 1997, Nature 389:251–260, doi:10.1038/38444; Richmond & Davey 2003, Nature 423:145, doi:10.1038/nature01595	A re-refinement changing the wrap length.
CN05-42	CN-05	30 nm fibre in vivo = contested — not observed in cryo-EM of vitrified cells nor in ChromEMT nm	30 nm fibre in vivo	contested — not observed in cryo-EM of vitrified cells nor in ChromEMT	nm	in vivo interphase/mitotic chromatin	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Maeshima et al. 2010, Curr Opin Cell Biol, PMID 20346642; Ou et al. 2017, Science 357:eaag0025, doi:10.1126/science.aag0025	A near-native in-vivo imaging method resolving regular 30-nm fibres.
CN05-43	CN-05	chromatin chain in vivo = disordered 5- to 24-nanometer-diameter curvilinear chain nm	chromatin chain in vivo	disordered 5- to 24-nanometer-diameter curvilinear chain	nm	ChromEMT, interphase + mitosis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Ou et al. 2017	Independent tomography contradicting the diameter distribution.
CN05-44	CN-05	loops / TADs / chromosome — no value carried	loops / TADs / chromosome	—	—	levels above the chain	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	—	Fetch Hi-C / loop-extrusion primaries.
CN05-45	CN-05	v_fork,ec = ~600 (classic ~1,000) bp/s	v_fork,ec	~600 (classic ~1,000)	bp/s	E. coli, in vivo average	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 109251; Milo & Phillips	In vivo measurement outside 400–1,000 bp/s.
CN05-46	CN-05	v_fork,euk = 4–40 (~1 kb/min) bp/s	v_fork,euk	4–40 (~1 kb/min)	bp/s	eukaryotic replisome	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 104930, 104935, 104936, 104937	Outside range.
CN05-47	CN-05	t_ec = 64 min (at 600 bp/s); 38 min (at 1,000) min	t_ec	64 min (at 600 bp/s); 38 min (at 1,000)	min	4.6 Mbp, 1 origin, 2 forks	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN05-48	CN-05	E. coli multi-fork = >6 origins, >10 forks; doubling ~20 min < copy time	E. coli multi-fork	>6 origins, >10 forks; doubling ~20 min < copy time	—	fast growth — overlapping cycles	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 102356; BNID 103514	A fast-growing strain with a single round per division.
CN05-49	CN-05	t_human,1origin = 4.8 years	t_human,1origin	4.8	years	6.11 Gbp, 1 origin, 2 forks, 20 bp/s	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN05-50	CN-05	T_S = ~10 hours	T_S	~10	hours	human S phase	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 103742, 103741, 102204	Cell type outside range.
CN05-51	CN-05	N_origins (required) = ~4,200 (2,100–21,000 over v = 40–4 bp/s) origins	N_origins (required)	~4,200 (2,100–21,000 over v = 40–4 bp/s)	origins	solved from G/(2vT)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN05-52	CN-05	N_origins (measured) = 1,000–100,000 (Drosophila ~10,000) origins	N_origins (measured)	1,000–100,000 (Drosophila ~10,000)	origins	human	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 107654, 109283	A measurement excluding the predicted band.
CN05-53	CN-05	t_Dmel = ~8 min per ~120 Mbp genome	t_Dmel	~8	min per ~120 Mbp genome	D. melanogaster embryo	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 101971	Outside range.
CN05-54	CN-05	codons = 64 → 61 sense + 3 stop → 20 aa; 3.05 codons/aa	codons	64 → 61 sense + 3 stop → 20 aa; 3.05 codons/aa	—	canonical code	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard; Freeland & Hurst 1998	A canonical-code recount.
CN05-55	CN-05	bits discarded = 1.61 bits/codon	bits discarded	1.61	bits/codon	log₂(64) − log₂(21)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN05-56	CN-05	code optimality (unweighted) = natural code beats all but 0.02% of random codes on polar requirement (≈1 in 5,000)	code optimality (unweighted)	natural code beats all but 0.02% of random codes on polar requirement (≈1 in 5,000)	—	polar-requirement metric; all single-base errors equiprobable	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Haig & Hurst 1991, J Mol Evol 33(5):412–417, doi:10.1007/BF02103132, PMID 1960738	Re-run the unweighted simulation; a figure outside 0.02%.
CN05-57	CN-05	code optimality — the '1 in 10⁴' headline = P₁ ≈ 10⁻⁴	code optimality — the '1 in 10⁴' headline	P₁ ≈ 10⁻⁴	—	a secondary restatement of Haig & Hurst, ~2× looser than their 0.02%; not a figure in Freeland & Hurst 1998, to which this chapter previously misattributed it	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a restatement, not a primary)	Koonin & Novozhilov 2009, IUBMB Life 61(2):99–111, PMID 19117371	Locate a primary reporting 10⁻⁴ directly, or retire the headline in favour of 0.02%.
CN05-58	CN-05	code optimality (weighted) = 1 in 10⁶ random codes beat it	code optimality (weighted)	1 in 10⁶ random codes beat it	—	+ transition/transversion bias + mistranslation bias weighted in	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Freeland & Hurst 1998, J Mol Evol 47(3):238–248, doi:10.1007/PL00006381, PMID 9732450	Re-run the simulation with the stated weightings.
CN05-59	CN-05	code = partial optimum = 'huge number of more robust codes' exist; standard code = partial optimisation of a random code on a rugged landscape	code = partial optimum	'huge number of more robust codes' exist; standard code = partial optimisation of a random code on a rugged landscape	—	—	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Novozhilov, Wolf & Koonin 2007, Biol Direct, PMID 17956616	A search failing to find more robust codes.
CN05-60	CN-05	reverse transcription = RNA → DNA	reverse transcription	RNA → DNA	—	Rous sarcoma virus / RNA tumour viruses	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Temin & Mizutani 1970, Nature 226:1211–1213, doi:10.1038/2261211a0; Baltimore 1970, Nature 226:1209–1211	—
CN05-61	CN-05	prion = heritable conformational information, no nucleic acid required	prion	heritable conformational information, no nucleic acid required	—	scrapie agent	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Prusiner 1982, Science 216:136–144, doi:10.1126/science.6801762	A nucleic acid found necessary for infectivity.
CN05-62	CN-05	genome-as-prior — no value carried	genome-as-prior	—	—	active-inference reading	HYPOTHESIZED	this chapter, as a lens	Specify a measurable prior with units, then measure it.

CN-06 — Sperm: the minimal motile delivery vehicle

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-06-sperm.md · 39 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN06-01	CN-06	u = 62 (low visc) / 65 (high visc) µm/s	u	62 (low visc) / 65 (high visc)	µm/s	migrating human sperm, 37 °C, n = 16 / 19	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Smith et al. 2009, Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 66(4):220–236, DOI 10.1002/cm.20345	Repeat high-frame-rate imaging of the migrating cohort; a mean outside 40–90 µm/s refutes.
CN06-02	CN-06	f_beat = 23 (low visc) / 11 (high visc) Hz	f_beat	23 (low visc) / 11 (high visc)	Hz	same cells, 37 °C; low-visc buffer vs ~0.14 Pa·s analogue	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Smith et al. 2009	A frequency independent of viscosity under the same conditions.
CN06-03	CN-06	f_beat (Saggiorato) = ~20 Hz	f_beat (Saggiorato)	~20	Hz	human sperm, 37 °C, buffer ~0.7 mPa·s, tethered, n = 35	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Saggiorato et al. 2017, Nat Commun 8:1415, DOI 10.1038/s41467-017-01462-y	As above.
CN06-04	CN-06	λ = 39 (low visc) / 18 (high visc) µm	λ	39 (low visc) / 18 (high visc)	µm	human sperm flagellar wavelength, 37 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Smith et al. 2009	Outside range at stated viscosity.
CN06-05	CN-06	c_wave = 890 (low visc) / 200 (high visc) µm/s	c_wave	890 (low visc) / 200 (high visc)	µm/s	wavespeed = f × λ	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Smith et al. 2009	Recompute; c ≠ fλ under stated conditions.
CN06-06	CN-06	L_cell = ~50–60 (head 4–5, midpiece ~7–8, tail ≥45) µm	L_cell	~50–60 (head 4–5, midpiece ~7–8, tail ≥45)	µm	derived from WHO 2021 normative morphometry criteria — what counts as a normal-form spermatozoon — not a measured distribution over a population; used as an input to Re regardless	NOT-MEASURED (in this pass; the criteria are normative, not a morphometric result)	WHO 2021, WHO laboratory manual…human semen, 6th ed.	Fetch a primary morphometry study and print mean ± s.d. total length.
CN06-07	CN-06	L_flag = ~41 µm	L_flag	~41	µm	human flagellum, tethered-cell imaging	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Saggiorato et al. 2017	Independent measurement >1.5× off.
CN06-08	CN-06	µ_buffer = 0.7 (0.73 ± 0.01 for HTF) mPa·s	µ_buffer	0.7 (0.73 ± 0.01 for HTF)	mPa·s	aqueous buffer, 37 °C	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Saggiorato et al. 2017	Rheometry outside range at 37 °C.
CN06-09	CN-06	µ_mucus = ~0.14 (analogue) / ~0.2 (midcycle, Day 0) / ~0.68 (Day 5) Pa·s	µ_mucus	~0.14 (analogue) / ~0.2 (midcycle, Day 0) / ~0.68 (Day 5)	Pa·s	Maxwell fit to measured G′/G″ at ~5 Hz, 37 °C	MODELED	Smith et al. 2009 (rheometry + fit); mucus moduli from Wolf et al. 1977, Fertil Steril 28:47–52	A direct steady-shear viscosity of periovulatory mucus outside 0.1–1 Pa·s.
CN06-10	CN-06	Re = 4.9 × 10⁻³ (bracket 2–6 × 10⁻³) dimensionless	Re	4.9 × 10⁻³ (bracket 2–6 × 10⁻³)	dimensionless	human sperm, ρuL/µ; ρ=10³, u=6.2e−5, L=5.5e−5, µ=7.0e−4 (SI)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Smith 2009 + Saggiorato 2017 + WHO 6th ed; regime per Purcell 1977, Am J Phys 45:3–11	Arithmetic error, or any input refuted under its stated condition.
CN06-11	CN-06	Re_mucus = ~2.6 × 10⁻⁵ dimensionless	Re_mucus	~2.6 × 10⁻⁵	dimensionless	ρuL/µ; ρ=10³, u = 6.5e−5 (65 µm/s — the high-viscosity migrant velocity; NOT the 6.2e−5 used for Re), L=5.5e−5, µ = 0.14 Pa·s (SI)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Recompute. At u = 6.2e−5 the value is 2.4 × 10⁻⁵; the exponent is unmoved either way.
CN06-12	CN-06	d_coast = ~0.45 Å (4.5 × 10⁻¹¹ m), τ ≈ 0.7 µs m	d_coast	~0.45 Å (4.5 × 10⁻¹¹ m), τ ≈ 0.7 µs	m	Stokes coasting, τ=m/(6πµa); V≈17 µm³, ρ_cell≈1.1×10³, a≈2 µm	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (inputs order-of-magnitude)	Recompute; a measured coasting distance >1 nm refutes.
CN06-13	CN-06	ζ⊥/ζ∥ = ≈2 asymptotic only; ~1.5–1.8 at realistic aspect ratios. ζ⊥/ζ∥ = 2(ln(2λ/a) − 0.5)/(ln(2λ/a) + 0.5) — strictly < 2 for any real filament dimensionless	ζ⊥/ζ∥	≈2 asymptotic only; ~1.5–1.8 at realistic aspect ratios. ζ⊥/ζ∥ = 2(ln(2λ/a) − 0.5)/(ln(2λ/a) + 0.5) — strictly < 2 for any real filament	dimensionless	resistive-force-theory coefficient, slender filament, far from a boundary — a derived coefficient, not a measurement	MODELED (slenderness is the fence)	Gray & Hancock 1955, J Exp Biol 32:802–814	A slender-body or numerical computation giving a ratio outside 1.4–2.0 at flagellar aspect ratios.
CN06-14	CN-06	n_dynein = ~67,500 total; ~15,000 active/beat motors	n_dynein	~67,500 total; ~15,000 active/beat	motors	sea-urchin sperm flagellum; active count is a hypothesis (67,500 × 2/9)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (total, cryo-ET) / HYPOTHESIZED (active fraction)	Chen et al. 2015, Biophys J 109:2562–2573	Count in situ; an active fraction ≠ ~2/9.
CN06-15	CN-06	d_dynein = ~8 nm/power stroke	d_dynein	~8	nm/power stroke	axonemal dynein, single-molecule	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Chen et al. 2015 and refs therein	Different step periodicity.
CN06-16	CN-06	axoneme extension on trypsin + ATP = — (the 'five or more times original length' previously printed here is withdrawn as unsourced; secondary accounts conflict: several-fold / ~7× / nine-fold) fold of original length	axoneme extension on trypsin + ATP	— (the 'five or more times original length' previously printed here is withdrawn as unsourced; secondary accounts conflict: several-fold / ~7× / nine-fold)	fold of original length	demembranated sea-urchin axoneme, brief trypsin digestion, + ATP	NOT-SOURCED	Summers & Gibbons 1971, PNAS 68(12):3092–3096 — extension figure not read in this pass; Lindemann & Mitchell, Mol Biol Cell 2018 recounts the experiment and gives no figure	Read S&G 1971 pp. 3092–3096 and print the extension factor.
CN06-17	CN-06	n_ATP/beat = (2.3 ± 0.2) × 10⁵ (low visc) → (3.2 ± 0.5) × 10⁵ (0.5 % MC) ATP/beat	n_ATP/beat	(2.3 ± 0.2) × 10⁵ (low visc) → (3.2 ± 0.5) × 10⁵ (0.5 % MC)	ATP/beat	demembranated sea-urchin sperm axoneme, single-cell, [ATP] = 20 µM, viscosity as stated — this quantity is not viscosity-independent	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study)	Chen et al. 2015	Bulk S. purpuratus gives ~1 × 10⁵/beat — already a 2.3× discrepancy; carry it.
CN06-18	CN-06	r_ATP = (2.4 ± 0.3) × 10⁶ active; (9.2 ± 0.2) × 10⁵ inactive ATP/s	r_ATP	(2.4 ± 0.3) × 10⁶ active; (9.2 ± 0.2) × 10⁵ inactive	ATP/s	demembranated Lytechinus sperm axoneme	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study)	Chen et al. 2015	Independent single-cell measurement >2× off.
CN06-19	CN-06	ε_hydro = 0.004 (low visc) → 0.013 (high visc) dimensionless	ε_hydro	0.004 (low visc) → 0.013 (high visc)	dimensionless	demembranated sea-urchin axoneme, 20 µM ATP, buffer vs 0.5 % MC	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study — not replicated)	Chen et al. 2015, Table S1	Independent replication >3× off; not transferable to intact human sperm.
CN06-20	CN-06	ε_chemo = 0.34 → 0.6 dimensionless	ε_chemo	0.34 → 0.6	dimensionless	as above	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study — not replicated)	Chen et al. 2015	As above.
CN06-21	CN-06	ε_swim = 0.001 → 0.008 dimensionless	ε_swim	0.001 → 0.008	dimensionless	as above; ε_swim = ε_chemo · ε_hydro	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study — not replicated)	Chen et al. 2015	As above.
CN06-22	CN-06	ε_hydro,human — no value carried	ε_hydro,human	—	dimensionless	intact human spermatozoon	NOT-MEASURED	not sourced in this pass	Measure ATP turnover + kinematics on one intact human cell.
CN06-23	CN-06	n_mito = ~50–75 (~1 mtDNA each) per cell	n_mito	~50–75 (~1 mtDNA each)	per cell	human sperm midpiece	OBSERVED-SINGLE (via review; primary count not retrieved in this pass)	Hirata et al. 2002, Reprod Med Biol 1(2):41–47	Direct EM/qPCR count outside range.
CN06-24	CN-06	glycolysis vs OXPHOS = mouse: glycolysis (GAPDHS) required despite intact mitochondria; human: unsettled	glycolysis vs OXPHOS	mouse: glycolysis (GAPDHS) required despite intact mitochondria; human: unsettled	—	Gapds⁻/⁻ mice infertile, sluggish, no forward progression	OBSERVED-CONTESTED / species-dependent	Miki et al. 2004, PNAS 101(47):16501–16506; framed vs human in Ford 2006, Hum Reprod Update 12(3):269–274	A human-sperm study settling the dominant pathway under physiological substrate.
CN06-25	CN-06	histone retention = ~5–15 % (human) vs ~1 % (mouse) % of nucleoproteins	histone retention	~5–15 % (human) vs ~1 % (mouse)	% of nucleoproteins	sperm chromatin	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (the human range is itself disputed)	Balhorn 2007, Genome Biol 8(9):227	A method reconciling the spread; do not average.
CN06-26	CN-06	chromatin compaction = ~10× vs the somatic interphase nucleus; ≥6× vs mitotic chromosomes. The 'up to 20×' upper bound previously printed here is NOT-SOURCED fold	chromatin compaction	~10× vs the somatic interphase nucleus; ≥6× vs mitotic chromosomes. The 'up to 20×' upper bound previously printed here is NOT-SOURCED	fold	protamine-packaged sperm chromatin; two distinct comparators — carry both, do not average them into one range	OBSERVED-SINGLE (via review; primary comparator study not retrieved)	Balhorn 2007, Genome Biol 8(9):227	Fetch the primary study that measured the ratio, name its comparator, and print it.
CN06-27	CN-06	toroid = ~50 (up to ~60) kb DNA per toroid	toroid	~50 (up to ~60)	kb DNA per toroid	protamine–DNA toroid	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hud et al. 1995, as reviewed in Balhorn 2007; single-molecule receipt for the toroid mechanism (λ-phage DNA in an optical trap — not sperm chromatin, not a compaction ratio): Brewer, Corzett & Balhorn 1999, Science 286(5437):120–123	Structural measurement outside range.
CN06-28	CN-06	resact sensitivity = 1 bound molecule evokes a Ca²⁺ response; 50–100 saturate molecules	resact sensitivity	1 bound molecule evokes a Ca²⁺ response; 50–100 saturate	molecules	Arbacia punctulata sperm	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kaupp et al. 2003, Nat Cell Biol 5:109–117	Single-molecule response fails to replicate.
CN06-29	CN-06	min. gradient = 0.8 fM/µm	min. gradient	0.8	fM/µm	A. punctulata, resact	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single group — not independently replicated)	Kashikar et al. 2012, J Cell Biol 198(6):1075–1091	Independent measurement >10× off.
CN06-30	CN-06	T_sample = 0.2–0.6 s	T_sample	0.2–0.6	s	A. punctulata, measured Ca²⁺-response latency, which the authors read as a sampling window. Equating it with Berg & Purcell's integration time T is a MODELED identification, not an observation	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single group) — the latency; MODELED — its identification with T	Kashikar et al. 2012	Independent measurement >10× off. For the T identification: show the latency scales with chemoattractant concentration as a counting-limited T predicts.
CN06-31	CN-06	slope threshold = ~2.6–3 × 10⁻³ µm⁻¹ (relative steepness)	slope threshold	~2.6–3 × 10⁻³	µm⁻¹ (relative steepness)	S. purpuratus, speract, ~10⁻⁹ M regime; a predicted detection limit, not a measured threshold	MODELED	Ramírez-Gómez et al. 2020, eLife 9:e50532 (theoretical detection-limit derivation)	A measured chemotactic response below the predicted slope threshold, or a measured threshold >3× off the prediction.
CN06-32	CN-06	helix = r = 8.4 ± 3.1 µm; period 0.38 ± 0.07 s; pitch 47.6 ± 9.1 µm; u = 200 ± 57 µm/s	helix	r = 8.4 ± 3.1 µm; period 0.38 ± 0.07 s; pitch 47.6 ± 9.1 µm; u = 200 ± 57 µm/s	—	A. punctulata, free 3-D swimming far from boundaries with NO gradient present (the unstimulated baseline), holographic tracking, n = 20, 1 s tracks	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jikeli et al. 2015, Nat Commun 6:7985, DOI 10.1038/ncomms8985	Independent 3-D tracking outside stated s.d.
CN06-33	CN-06	human chemotaxis = progesterone → CatSper → Ca²⁺ influx replicated; progesterone as the chemoattractant disputed	human chemotaxis	progesterone → CatSper → Ca²⁺ influx replicated; progesterone as the chemoattractant disputed	—	human sperm	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Strünker et al. 2011, Nature 471:382–386; Lishko et al. 2011, Nature 471:387–391; contested per charcoal-stripping studies	A pre-registered in-vivo-relevant assay settling it.
CN06-34	CN-06	thermotaxis = ~2 °C between the isthmus (reservoir) and the isthmic–ampullary junction (fertilisation site) — rabbit, anatomical, no distance attached. The 'over 20 mm' and '>50 % accumulate warm-side' previously printed here are withdrawn: NOT-SOURCED	thermotaxis	~2 °C between the isthmus (reservoir) and the isthmic–ampullary junction (fertilisation site) — rabbit, anatomical, no distance attached. The 'over 20 mm' and '>50 % accumulate warm-side' previously printed here are withdrawn: NOT-SOURCED	—	capacitated mammalian sperm — questioned (convection confound)	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (the ~2 °C anatomical difference) / NOT-SOURCED (the assay gradient length and the accumulation fraction)	Bahat et al. 2003, Nat Med 9:149–150; questioned in Miki & Clapham 2013, Curr Biol 23:443–452	Read Bahat et al. 2003's methods and print the chamber gradient in °C/mm and the accumulation fraction; separately, a convection-controlled replication.
CN06-35	CN-06	N_ejac = median ~255 × 10⁶; 5th-centile 39 × 10⁶ sperm/ejaculate	N_ejac	median ~255 × 10⁶; 5th-centile 39 × 10⁶	sperm/ejaculate	WHO reference population (TTP ≤ 12 months)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Cooper et al. 2010, Hum Reprod Update 16(3):231–245; WHO 2021, 6th ed.	Re-derive from the reference cohort.
CN06-36	CN-06	N_tube = median 251 (range 79–1,386) sperm in both Fallopian tubes	N_tube	median 251 (range 79–1,386)	sperm in both Fallopian tubes	10 parous women, ~18 h post-insemination, tubes ligated + flushed	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study, n = 10 — not replicated)	Williams et al. 1993, Hum Reprod 8(12):2019–2026	An independent flush study giving a median outside ~50–2,000.
CN06-37	CN-06	attrition = ~10⁶-fold (10⁸ → 10²) fold	attrition	~10⁶-fold (10⁸ → 10²)	fold	ejaculate → tube	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the two rows above	Either input row refuted.
CN06-38	CN-06	acrosin = KO mice fertile; KO hamsters completely infertile (zona-penetration defect; zona-free oocytes all fertilised)	acrosin	KO mice fertile; KO hamsters completely infertile (zona-penetration defect; zona-free oocytes all fertilised)	—	targeted mutants	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hirose et al. 2020, PNAS 117(5):2513–2518, DOI 10.1073/pnas.1917595117 (citing Baba et al. 1994 for the mouse)	A third species contradicting both.
CN06-39	CN-06	δc/c scaling = ∝ (D·a·c·T)^(−1/2) dimensionless	δc/c scaling	∝ (D·a·c·T)^(−1/2)	dimensionless	diffusion-limited chemoreception — see NA-08 for the contested prefactor	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a scaling)	Berg & Purcell 1977, Biophys J 20:193–219	A sensor beating the −1/2 exponent.

CN-07 — Ants: the colony as a Markov blanket

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-07-ants.md · 38 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN07-01	CN-07	T_colony = ~25 years	T_colony	~25	years	Pogonomyrmex barbatus, single-queen founding	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gordon et al. 2011, Behav Ecol 22(2):429–435, quoting Gordon 1991	Long-term census showing mean colony persistence outside ~15–30 yr.
CN07-02	CN-07	T_worker,ext = ≤ 33 (the paper's summary sentence, covering both spp.: 'about 30') days after marking	T_worker,ext	≤ 33 (the paper's summary sentence, covering both spp.: 'about 30')	days after marking	P. barbatus exterior workers, field, 3,521 marked across 38 mature colonies, Rodeo NM, Jul–Aug 1987, checked once daily; max 33 d = a nest-maintenance worker	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gordon & Hölldobler 1987, Psyche 94:341–346	Authors name two biases (paint wear-off; marked ants alive inside) that would underestimate — a mark–recapture design controlling both, finding >>33 d, moves this row.
CN07-03	CN-07	T_worker,ext (P. rugosus) = ≥ 27 — marked foragers still observed on the last day checked days after marking	T_worker,ext (P. rugosus)	≥ 27 — marked foragers still observed on the last day checked	days after marking	P. rugosus foragers — a separate and far smaller study: 173 foragers, 1 colony, Rodeo NM, Jul–Aug 1986, checked twice daily on 27 subsequent days	OBSERVED-SINGLE (one colony, one season — not replicated; never merge with the P. barbatus row above)	Gordon & Hölldobler 1987	Right-censored at day 27 by the study design, not by the ants — extend the checking window and this number moves.
CN07-04	CN-07	T_forager = 14 days (mean life expectancy)	T_forager	14	days (mean life expectancy)	P. owyheei foragers and defenders, field — not foragers alone; single study, not independently replicated	OBSERVED-CONTESTED — as cited in Gordon & Hölldobler 1987; primary NOT-READ in this pass (M22)	Porter & Jorgensen 1981, Behav Ecol Sociobiol 9:247–256	Read the primary; an independent field estimate >2× off moves the row.
CN07-05	CN-07	t½_forager = 4.2 days (half-life, marked foragers)	t½_forager	4.2	days (half-life, marked foragers)	Cataglyphis bicolor, Southern Tunisia; constant 16.4%/day loss; single study, not independently replicated	OBSERVED-SINGLE — primary read directly in this pass. The widely-cited secondary is wrong: Gordon & Hölldobler 1987 print a '6 day half-life', which is the mean life expectancy wearing a half-life label	Schmid-Hempel & Schmid-Hempel 1984, Ins Soc 31:345–360, DOI 10.1007/BF02223652	An independent marked-forager census in C. bicolor returning a half-life >2× off.
CN07-06	CN-07	E[life]_forager = 6.1 days (mean life expectancy)	E[life]_forager	6.1	days (mean life expectancy)	C. bicolor, Southern Tunisia, same study and same 16.4%/day loss; single study, not independently replicated	OBSERVED-SINGLE — primary read directly. This is the number the secondary literature misprints as a 6-day 'half-life'	Schmid-Hempel & Schmid-Hempel 1984	As above.
CN07-07	CN-07	T_worker,total = 'about a year'	T_worker,total	'about a year'	—	P. barbatus whole worker lifespan	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	appears in Gordon's review literature; not read here	Read Gordon 2024, Phil Trans R Soc B 379:20230332, and source it. Do not conflate with T_worker,ext.
CN07-08	CN-07	N_colony = 10,000–12,000 (young: 2,000–10,000) workers	N_colony	10,000–12,000 (young: 2,000–10,000)	workers	P. barbatus at reproductive age (5 yr)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gordon et al. 2011	Census outside range for mature colonies.
CN07-09	CN-07	Δforage(2→5 yr) = ×2 dimensionless	Δforage(2→5 yr)	×2	dimensionless	P. barbatus foraging numbers, colony ages 2→5 yr	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gordon et al. 2011	Age-controlled census finding no change.
CN07-10	CN-07	colony-age stability = older (>5 yr) more stable than young (2 yr)	colony-age stability	older (>5 yr) more stable than young (2 yr)	—	P. barbatus, behavioural flexibility + intraspecific conflict	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Gordon 1991, Am Nat 138(2):379–411	Age-controlled replication finding no age effect.
CN07-11	CN-07	parent→offspring transmissibility of foraging restraint = Gordon's own hedge, carried: sensitivity to the conditions in which to reduce foraging 'may be transmissible' from parent to offspring colony. No h² is reported. The underlying association (dry-year restraint ↔ greater lifetime reproductive success) is measured	parent→offspring transmissibility of foraging restraint	Gordon's own hedge, carried: sensitivity to the conditions in which to reduce foraging 'may be transmissible' from parent to offspring colony. No h² is reported. The underlying association (dry-year restraint ↔ greater lifetime reproductive success) is measured	—	P. barbatus, a single 27-yr study (duration second-hand), one population, one observer, one site — not independently replicated	HYPOTHESIZED (the transmissibility) over an OBSERVED single-study association. Not OBSERVED-REPLICATED: long duration is not replication	Gordon 2013, Nature 498:91–93 — plus Addendum: Gordon 2017, Nature 542(7640):260, NOT-READ in this pass	A quantitative h² estimate, or a cross-fostering / founding design separating genetic from environmental transmission; and read the 2017 Addendum.
CN07-12	CN-07	N_brain (IF) = 7.02 × 10⁴ ± 2.4 × 10⁴ (s) brain nuclei	N_brain (IF)	7.02 × 10⁴ ± 2.4 × 10⁴ (s)	brain nuclei	Novomessor spp. (desert ant), isotropic fractionator — the method of the 32 spp. / 7 superfamilies survey. The SD is ~⅓ of the mean and travels with the value	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Godfrey, Swartzlander & Gronenberg 2021, Proc R Soc B 288:20210199	Independent count >2× off under the same method. Not a Pogonomyrmex number — do not transfer across genera.
CN07-13	CN-07	N_brain (sectioned) = ≈ 9 × 10⁴ brain nuclei	N_brain (sectioned)	≈ 9 × 10⁴	brain nuclei	Novomessor spp., sectioned brains — the paper's method-validation cross-check on the IF adaptation, not an IF count; agrees with the IF value within ~1 SD	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Godfrey et al. 2021	As above. Never print this figure under the IF label.
CN07-14	CN-07	ants vs bees — brain mass = ants (Formicoidea) smaller-brained than predicted for body mass vs bees and related wasps, p < 0.001	ants vs bees — brain mass	ants (Formicoidea) smaller-brained than predicted for body mass vs bees and related wasps, p < 0.001	—	post hoc comparison of Apoidea versus Formicoidea — not a test of ants against the fitted Hymenoptera allometry, and a brain-mass result, not a nuclei result	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Godfrey et al. 2021	An independent sample recovering no Apoidea/Formicoidea difference.
CN07-15	CN-07	ants vs bees — brain-mass-controlled nuclei = ants x̄ = 11.8 (s = 0.162) < Apoidea x̄ = 13.0 (s = 0.11), p < 0.001; also < Pompiloidea (p = 0.0142) and Vespoidea (p = 0.0016) log-transformed nuclei number	ants vs bees — brain-mass-controlled nuclei	ants x̄ = 11.8 (s = 0.162) < Apoidea x̄ = 13.0 (s = 0.11), p < 0.001; also < Pompiloidea (p = 0.0142) and Vespoidea (p = 0.0016)	log-transformed nuclei number	a separate contrast from the brain-mass row above — different quantity, different test	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Godfrey et al. 2021	As above.
CN07-16	CN-07	N_brain (P. barbatus) — no value carried	N_brain (P. barbatus)	—	brain nuclei	the genus this chapter's colony rows are about	NOT-MEASURED	not located in this pass	Count it, or cite one.
CN07-17	CN-07	r (double bridge) = 1.0 → 12/26 (ns); 1.4 → 15/18; 2.0 → 14/14 trials selecting short branch	r (double bridge)	1.0 → 12/26 (ns); 1.4 → 15/18; 2.0 → 14/14	trials selecting short branch	Iridomyrmex humilis (= Linepithema humile), 11 colonies, 30° branches, counted 30–40 min	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goss et al. 1989, Naturwissenschaften 76:579–581	Replication at r = 2 with no significant short-branch selection.
CN07-18	CN-07	r = 2, short added late = 2/18 — colony cannot switch trials	r = 2, short added late	2/18 — colony cannot switch	trials	same, short branch added after long trail established	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goss et al. 1989	A replication showing switching; would refute the trap.
CN07-19	CN-07	dark control = 11/14 experiments >80% traffic on short	dark control	11/14 experiments >80% traffic on short	—	r = 2, 7 colonies, red light	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goss et al. 1989	Printed adjacent to the lit r=2 (n=14) set; which set the 11/14 summarises is ambiguous in the text — recorded as printed.
CN07-20	CN-07	P_s,j = (20+S)² / [(20+S)² + (20+L)²] probability	P_s,j	(20+S)² / [(20+S)² + (20+L)²]	probability	branch-choice function; n = 2, k = 20	MODELED	Deneubourg et al. 1990, J Insect Behav 3:159–168; used in Goss et al. 1989	Re-fit to fresh choice data yielding n ≠ 2.
CN07-21	CN-07	τ_delay = 20 (short) vs 20r (long) s	τ_delay	20 (short) vs 20r (long)	s	traverse time; drives the differential-path-length effect	MODELED	Goss et al. 1989, Eqs. 1–2	Show short-branch selection with the delay removed.
CN07-22	CN-07	evaporation in the 1989 model = absent	evaporation in the 1989 model	absent	—	Goss et al. explicitly ignore it (experiment timescale ≈ pheromone mean lifetime)	OBSERVED-SINGLE (textual)	Goss et al. 1989	Read the paper.
CN07-23	CN-07	τ_pheromone = ~30 min (mean lifetime)	τ_pheromone	~30	min (mean lifetime)	I. humilis, as cited by Goss et al.	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Goss et al. 1989 citing Van Vorhis Key & Baker 1982, J Chem Ecol 8(1):3–14	The primary reports activity loss within 2 h — reconcile; do not average.
CN07-24	CN-07	release rate = 0.25 ± 0.10 pg·cm⁻¹·s⁻¹	release rate	0.25 ± 0.10	pg·cm⁻¹·s⁻¹	(Z)-9-hexadecenal from filter-paper trails, I. humilis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Van Vorhis Key & Baker 1982	Independent measurement >2× off.
CN07-25	CN-07	t_decay,attract = 33 min (95% CI of fitted curve reaching no-effect)	t_decay,attract	33	min (95% CI of fitted curve reaching no-effect)	Monomorium pharaonis, ECF paper, 10 colonies (~1,500 workers)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Robinson et al. 2008, Insectes Sociaux 55:246–251	Replication on the same substrate outside CI.
CN07-26	CN-07	t_decay,repel = 78 min (same criterion)	t_decay,repel	78	min (same criterion)	M. pharaonis, repellent 'no entry' pheromone, 11 qualifying trials	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Robinson et al. 2008	As above.
CN07-27	CN-07	initial effect = 25 (attractive) vs 48 (repellent) % above control	initial effect	25 (attractive) vs 48 (repellent)	% above control	M. pharaonis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Robinson et al. 2008	As above.
CN07-28	CN-07	substrate dependence = decay rate differs by substrate (polycarbonate vs newspaper)	substrate dependence	decay rate differs by substrate (polycarbonate vs newspaper)	—	M. pharaonis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (values NOT-READ here)	Jeanson, Ratnieks & Deneubourg 2003, Physiol Entomol 28:192–198	Read the paper and print the constants.
CN07-29	CN-07	b_metabolic = 0.81 exponent, colony mass	b_metabolic	0.81	exponent, colony mass	168 spp. compiled; n = 12 colonies in the fit; B₀-corrected, active colonies	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Hou et al. 2010, PNAS 107(8):3634–3638 — 95% CI 0.55–1.08, r²=0.82	The CI includes 1.0 — this row does not establish sublinearity. A larger-n fit whose CI excludes either 0.75 or 1.0 settles it.
CN07-30	CN-07	b_production = 0.83 exponent, colony mass	b_production	0.83	exponent, colony mass	B₀-corrected biomass production, n = 16 colonies	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hou et al. 2010 — 95% CI 0.68–0.98, r²=0.91	CI excludes 1.0; a replication whose CI includes 1.0 moves it.
CN07-31	CN-07	b_lifespan = 0.36 (0.27–0.45) combined; 0.24 (0.14–0.34) colonies alone exponent	b_lifespan	0.36 (0.27–0.45) combined; 0.24 (0.14–0.34) colonies alone	exponent	queen lifespan as colony lifespan proxy; 38 colonies	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hou et al. 2010	The combined slope is an intercept artefact (4–5× offset) — do not quote 0.36 as the colony exponent.
CN07-32	CN-07	b_metabolic,intra = 0.75 (isolated worker groups: isometric) exponent, colony mass	b_metabolic,intra	0.75 (isolated worker groups: isometric)	exponent, colony mass	Pogonomyrmex californicus, whole colonies, intraspecific	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Waters, Holbrook, Fewell & Harrison 2010, Am Nat 176(4):501–510 (CI not given in abstract — NOT-READ here)	Replication finding isometry in intact colonies.
CN07-33	CN-07	b divergence = herbivorous 0.69 (0.58–0.79); predaceous 0.81 (0.74–0.89); monomorphic 0.75 (0.68–0.82); polymorphic 0.89 (0.79–1.00) exponent	b divergence	herbivorous 0.69 (0.58–0.79); predaceous 0.81 (0.74–0.89); monomorphic 0.75 (0.68–0.82); polymorphic 0.89 (0.79–1.00)	exponent	51 ant species	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Pequeno & Glazier 2025, J Anim Ecol 94(6):1285–1293	A phylogenetically-controlled reanalysis recovering one exponent.
CN07-34	CN-07	colony mass range = 0.0017 → 3,850 g	colony mass range	0.0017 → 3,850	g	Solenopsis morphospecies → Macrotermes bellicosus	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hou et al. 2010	—
CN07-35	CN-07	R (haplodiploid) = 3/4 (full sisters) vs 1/2 (mother–daughter) relatedness	R (haplodiploid)	3/4 (full sisters) vs 1/2 (mother–daughter)	relatedness	Hymenoptera	MODELED (a genetic identity, not a measurement)	Hamilton 1964, J Theor Biol 7:1–16; recited in Nowak et al. 2010	Arithmetic.
CN07-36	CN-07	eusociality origin = disputed	eusociality origin	disputed	—	inclusive fitness vs NTW's queen-extension model	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Nowak, Tarnita & Wilson 2010, Nature 466:1057–1062 vs Abbot et al. 2011, Nature 471:E1–E4 (137 authors, 103 affiliations — counted)	A measurement both camps pre-agree discriminates them. None is on offer.
CN07-37	CN-07	sex-ratio variance explained = up to 96 (across-spp.) / 66 (within-spp.) vs 5.4 (field average) %	sex-ratio variance explained	up to 96 (across-spp.) / 66 (within-spp.) vs 5.4 (field average)	%	Abbot et al.'s quantitative defence of inclusive fitness	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Abbot et al. 2011	Reanalysis of the cited sex-allocation corpus.
CN07-38	CN-07	colony conditional independence — no value carried	colony conditional independence	—	—	p(μ,η | s,a) = p(μ|s,a)·p(η|s,a) for any ant colony	NOT-MEASURED	not measured by anyone, in this pass or elsewhere located	Measure it. Until then the colony blanket is a Friston blanket (Bruineberg et al. 2022, BBS 45:e183).

CN-08 — Dinosaurs: the scaling limits of a land animal, and how to measure the dead

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-08-dinosaurs.md · 56 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN08-01	CN-08	σ ∝ L = stress grows linearly with length	σ ∝ L	stress grows linearly with length	—	geometric scaling of any solid	MODELED	Galileo 1638, Discorsi (Two New Sciences); arithmetic shown in-chapter	A geometrically scaled structure whose bone stress does not rise with L.
CN08-02	CN-08	b_geom = 1.0 dimensionless	b_geom	1.0	dimensionless	predicted length-vs-circumference exponent, geometric similarity	MODELED	Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010, J Anat, Table 8	Derivation error.
CN08-03	CN-08	b_elastic = 0.67 dimensionless	b_elastic	0.67	dimensionless	elastic similarity (L ∝ D^(2/3)); attributed to McMahon 1975a	MODELED	Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010, Table 8	Derivation error.
CN08-04	CN-08	b_stress = 0.5 dimensionless	b_stress	0.5	dimensionless	static stress similarity	MODELED	Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010, Table 8	Derivation error.
CN08-05	CN-08	b_fem,Trex = 0.5341 — 95% CI 0.04159–0.9718 dimensionless	b_fem,Trex	0.5341 — 95% CI 0.04159–0.9718	dimensionless	T. rex, femur, ontogenetic, RMA log L vs log C — CI contains static-stress (0.5), elastic (0.67) and nears geometric (1.0): discriminates among NONE; carries no contrast with any other taxon	OBSERVED-SINGLE (one growth series, one study; CI spans the model space — downgraded from OBSERVED-REPLICATED)	Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010, J Anat, Table 3	Re-measure the growth series; RMA slope or CI outside the published 0.04159–0.9718.
CN08-06	CN-08	b_fem,Allo = 0.82 dimensionless	b_fem,Allo	0.82	dimensionless	Allosaurus fragilis, femur, ontogenetic	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010	As above.
CN08-07	CN-08	b_fem,sauropodomorph = ~1.0 (Massospondylus 0.81) dimensionless	b_fem,sauropodomorph	~1.0 (Massospondylus 0.81)	dimensionless	sauropodomorphs, femur, ontogenetic	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010	As above.
CN08-08	CN-08	b_fem,hadrosaur = 1.05 (Maiasaura); 1.094 (Hypacrosaurus, 95% CI 1.072–1.113) dimensionless	b_fem,hadrosaur	1.05 (Maiasaura); 1.094 (Hypacrosaurus, 95% CI 1.072–1.113)	dimensionless	hadrosaurids, femur, ontogenetic — tight CI excludes every standard model from below; this is the section's real signal, and it stands alone without the T. rex row	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010, Table 3	Re-measure; slope or CI overlapping 1.0.
CN08-09	CN-08	b_fem,interspecific = 0.83 (tibia 0.78; MT III 0.80) dimensionless	b_fem,interspecific	0.83 (tibia 0.78; MT III 0.80)	dimensionless	interspecific, non-avian dinosaurs — do not conflate with ontogenetic	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Carrano, as reported by Kilbourne & Makovicky 2010	Fetch Carrano primary; femoral exponent outside ~0.83 ± 0.05.
CN08-10	CN-08	M_adult,Trex,published = 6,000–8,000; 'Sue' perhaps ~9,500 kg	M_adult,Trex,published	6,000–8,000; 'Sue' perhaps ~9,500	kg	adult T. rex — the authors' own stated conclusion	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Hutchinson et al. 2011, PLoS ONE 6(10):e26037, abstract	An independent volumetric study concluding outside this band.
CN08-11	CN-08	M_Trex,PersonsCurrie = 3,800–4,500 kg	M_Trex,PersonsCurrie	3,800–4,500	kg	mass range assumed as an INPUT for the genus Tyrannosaurus by Persons & Currie — not an estimate of PR2081, not a scaling-equation output for any specimen, and not admissible as the low end of Sue's envelope	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	reported (and treated as too small) by Hutchinson et al. 2011	Fetch Persons & Currie; establish what the range was derived from and at what scope.
CN08-12	CN-08	M(PR2081)_min = 9,502 kg	M(PR2081)_min	9,502	kg	T. rex 'Sue', volumetric minimal model — authors' preferred region	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Hutchinson et al. 2011, Table 6	Independent volumetric reconstruction outside ~8,000–11,000 kg.
CN08-13	CN-08	M(PR2081)_max = 18,489 kg	M(PR2081)_max	18,489	kg	T. rex 'Sue', volumetric maximal model — authors judge 'less plausible'	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Hutchinson et al. 2011, Table 6	As above.
CN08-14	CN-08	M(PR2081)_spread = ~1.95× (9,502 → 18,489) dimensionless	M(PR2081)_spread	~1.95× (9,502 → 18,489)	dimensionless	minimal-to-maximal envelope; same specimen, same study, same bones — this is the headline	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from the two rows above	Arithmetic error.
CN08-15	CN-08	M_adults_Trex = minimal models 5,777–9,502; maximal models 10,768–18,489 kg	M_adults_Trex	minimal models 5,777–9,502; maximal models 10,768–18,489	kg	four adult T. rex, min/max per specimen: CM 9380 = 7,394/14,564; FMNH PR2081 = 9,502/18,489; BHI 3033 = 5,934/10,837; MOR 555 = 5,777/10,768	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Hutchinson et al. 2011, Table 6	Independent volumetric reconstruction of any listed specimen outside its stated pair.
CN08-16	CN-08	C&E-2012 coefficients — no value carried	C&E-2012 coefficients	—	—	Campione & Evans 2012 regression constants + PPE	NOT-SOURCED	BMC Biology 10:60 — primary text not retrievable in this pass	Open the primary; print the coefficients.
CN08-17	CN-08	u (Alexander) = 0.25·g^0.5·λ^1.67·h^−1.17 m·s⁻¹	u (Alexander)	0.25·g^0.5·λ^1.67·h^−1.17	m·s⁻¹	bipedal trackway speed	MODELED	Alexander 1976, Nature 261:129–130; equation as reproduced verbatim by Prescott et al. 2025	See the Prescott row.
CN08-18	CN-08	h from track = h ≈ 4 × footprint length m	h from track	h ≈ 4 × footprint length	m	Alexander's hip-height rule — the weak link	MODELED	Alexander 1976	See the Prescott row.
CN08-19	CN-08	u_example = 2.28 (≈8.2 km/h) m·s⁻¹	u_example	2.28 (≈8.2 km/h)	m·s⁻¹	FL=0.60 m → h=2.40 m, λ=3.50 m — illustrative inputs, not a real trackway	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN08-20	CN-08	λ/h_example = 1.46 dimensionless	λ/h_example	1.46	dimensionless	same; <2.0 conventional walking threshold	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; thresholds via secondary summary	Threshold convention refuted.
CN08-21	CN-08	Fr_example = 0.22 dimensionless	Fr_example	0.22	dimensionless	Fr = u²/(gh), convention stated	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN08-22	CN-08	Alexander↔Froude identity = 0.25·g^0.5·λ^1.67·h^−1.17 ⟺ λ/h = 2.3·Fr^0.3	Alexander↔Froude identity	0.25·g^0.5·λ^1.67·h^−1.17 ⟺ λ/h = 2.3·Fr^0.3	—	5/3=1.67; 1/2−5/3=−1.17; 2.3^(−5/3)=0.2495≈0.25	MODELED	Algebra computed in-chapter — checkable in a minute	Redo the algebra.
CN08-23	CN-08	— its attribution — no value carried	— its attribution	—	—	that Alexander's constants came from Alexander & Jayes' fit	NOT-SOURCED	Alexander & Jayes 1983, J Zool, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04266.x — not retrieved	Open either primary.
CN08-24	CN-08	u_measured,guineafowl = 0.04–0.97 (mean 0.29) m·s⁻¹	u_measured,guineafowl	0.04–0.97 (mean 0.29)	m·s⁻¹	two helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris), n=2 individuals, 20 trials, mud of varying consistency, high-speed video + photogrammetry	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study, n=2, one species — downgraded from OBSERVED-REPLICATED)	Prescott et al. 2025, Biol Lett, DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2025.0191	Repeat across other taxa, body sizes, grain sizes and foot morphologies — the authors' own request.
CN08-25	CN-08	u_calc,guineafowl = 0.17–1.84 (mean 0.61) m·s⁻¹	u_calc,guineafowl	0.17–1.84 (mean 0.61)	m·s⁻¹	Alexander's equation on the same two birds' tracks	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study, n=2, one species)	Prescott et al. 2025	As above.
CN08-26	CN-08	u_calc/u_meas = 1.17–4.74× dimensionless	u_calc/u_meas	1.17–4.74×	dimensionless	systematic overestimate; worst at slow speed — on mud, n=2 guineafowl only; authors allow coarser sediment (sand) 'fit Alexander's formula more closely as the pull effect would be less pronounced'	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study, n=2, one species)	Prescott et al. 2025	A trial recovering ratio ≈1.0 on compliant substrate; or a sand trial fitting Alexander, which the authors flag as possible.
CN08-27	CN-08	h error source = 4×track = 26 cm; skeletal = 25.8 cm; functional mid-stance = 18–20 cm cm	h error source	4×track = 26 cm; skeletal = 25.8 cm; functional mid-stance = 18–20 cm	cm	same two guineafowl; the rule predicts anatomy well, mechanics badly	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study, n=2, one species)	Prescott et al. 2025	Show functional ≈ skeletal hip height in a walking biped.
CN08-28	CN-08	u_Alexander,1976 = ~1.0–3.6 m·s⁻¹	u_Alexander,1976	~1.0–3.6	m·s⁻¹	Alexander's original dinosaur estimates	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (via abstract summary; primary not retrieved)	Alexander 1976	Open the primary; re-read as upper bounds per Prescott et al. 2025.
CN08-29	CN-08	Flow-through lung = air sacs + thoracic skeleton consistent with unidirectional flow	Flow-through lung	air sacs + thoracic skeleton consistent with unidirectional flow	—	Majungatholus atopus, exceptional specimen	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	O'Connor & Claessens 2005, Nature 436(7048):253–256, DOI 10.1038/nature03716	A theropod with the diagnostic foramina but no air-sac-consistent thorax.
CN08-30	CN-08	Pneumatic correlates = vertebral laminae/fossae/chambers = diverticula of cervical & abdominal air sacs	Pneumatic correlates	vertebral laminae/fossae/chambers = diverticula of cervical & abdominal air sacs	—	sauropods; bird ontogeny ↔ sauropod evolution parallel	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wedel 2003, Paleobiology 29(2):243–255	Bones hollow in non-predicted places, or solid in predicted ones.
CN08-31	CN-08	ASP = ~50–60%, up to 79% (Sauroposeidon) % vertebral volume as air	ASP	~50–60%, up to 79% (Sauroposeidon)	% vertebral volume as air	adult neosauropod cervicals	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Wedel 2005, as reported by Schwarz-Wings et al. 2009, Proc R Soc B 277(1678):11–17 (they cite it to Wedel; they measured no Sauroposeidon and generated no ASP data — do not name the quoter as the source)	Re-measure Wedel's CT dataset; ASP outside range.
CN08-32	CN-08	ASP (2nd) = 0.50–0.70; specific gravity to 0.2 (vs compact bone 1.8–2.0) dimensionless	ASP (2nd)	0.50–0.70; specific gravity to 0.2 (vs compact bone 1.8–2.0)	dimensionless	sauropod cervicals	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Taylor & Wedel 2013, PeerJ 1:e36, DOI 10.7717/peerj.36	As above.
CN08-33	CN-08	Stress field = vertebral interior 'nearly stress free'; bone resorbed where unloaded	Stress field	vertebral interior 'nearly stress free'; bone resorbed where unloaded	—	FEA of exactly two vertebrae: undetermined diplodocid mid-cervical; Brachiosaurus C3 — this, and only this, is Schwarz-Wings et al.'s own contribution	MODELED	Schwarz-Wings et al. 2009	FEA showing high interior stress.
CN08-34	CN-08	T_body,sauropod = 36–38 °C	T_body,sauropod	36–38	°C	large Jurassic sauropod teeth, clumped-isotope (¹³C–¹⁸O)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Eagle et al. 2011, Science 333(6041):443–445, DOI 10.1126/science.1206196	Independent thermometry outside range.
CN08-35	CN-08	ΔT_model = 4–7 °C lower than predicted °C	ΔT_model	4–7 °C lower than predicted	°C	measured vs mass-scaling body-temperature model — model partly falsified	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Eagle et al. 2011	Re-run the scaling model.
CN08-36	CN-08	LAGs = cyclical growth is universal in homoeothermic endotherms	LAGs	cyclical growth is universal in homoeothermic endotherms	—	global survey, wild ruminants	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Köhler et al. 2012, Nature 487:358–361, DOI 10.1038/nature11264	An endotherm survey finding no LAGs.
CN08-37	CN-08	Dinosaur metabolic rates = high; endothermy inferred ancestral to Ornithodira	Dinosaur metabolic rates	high; endothermy inferred ancestral to Ornithodira	—	Raman/FTIR lipoxidation signals in bone	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Wiemann et al. 2022, Nature 606:522–526, DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-04770-6	See the contest row.
CN08-38	CN-08	— the contest = one intensity value ↔ metabolic rates differing ~5×; ancestral inference unsupported	— the contest	one intensity value ↔ metabolic rates differing ~5×; ancestral inference unsupported	—	Matters Arising comment; calibration gap for gigantothermic mesotherms — both numbers NOT-VERIFIED against the primary (paywalled, 2 attempts); carried as the commenters' stated position	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Motani, Gold, Carlson & Vermeij 2023, Nature 621(7977):E1–E3 (Matters Arising), DOI 10.1038/s41586-023-06411-y; reply Wiemann et al. 2023, Nature 621:E4–E6	A calibration collapsing the 5× band — and, first: open the primary and check the 5× figure itself.
CN08-39	CN-08	Gigantothermy = leatherback >900 kg holds ~25–30 °C core in ~7 °C water kg, °C	Gigantothermy	leatherback >900 kg holds ~25–30 °C core in ~7 °C water	kg, °C	Dermochelys coriacea	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (figures via secondary summary in this pass)	Paladino, O'Connor & Spotila 1990, Nature 344:858–860	Open the primary; re-measure core temp.
CN08-40	CN-08	L_neck,max = ~15.1 m	L_neck,max	~15.1	m	Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum; >6× giraffe	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Moore et al. 2023, J Syst Palaeontol 21(1), DOI 10.1080/14772019.2023.2171818	New cervical material; note 2013 estimate was ~12 m.
CN08-41	CN-08	L_neck,Supersaurus = ~15 m	L_neck,Supersaurus	~15	m	Supersaurus	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Taylor & Wedel 2013, PeerJ 1:e36	As above.
CN08-42	CN-08	L_neck,giraffe = 2.4 m	L_neck,giraffe	2.4	m	world-record bull giraffe	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Taylor & Wedel 2013	A longer measured giraffe neck.
CN08-43	CN-08	n_cervical = sauropods 13–17 (19 in M. hochuanensis); mammals exactly 7 (sloths/sirenians excepted) count	n_cervical	sauropods 13–17 (19 in M. hochuanensis); mammals exactly 7 (sloths/sirenians excepted)	count	—	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Taylor & Wedel 2013	A mammal outside the exceptions with ≠7.
CN08-44	CN-08	dP/dz = 77.3 (78.0 at ρ=1060) mmHg per metre	dP/dz	77.3 (78.0 at ρ=1060)	mmHg per metre	ρg, ρ_blood ≈ 1050 kg·m⁻³, g = 9.81 — a definition (hydrostatics), not a measurement	MODELED	Computed in-chapter. The ~77 mmHg/m quoted in the giraffe literature is this same ρg, not an independent measurement of it — no cross-check is claimed	Arithmetic error, or ρ_blood refuted.
CN08-45	CN-08	P_column(9 m) = ~695 (+~50 perfusion ≈ 745) mmHg	P_column(9 m)	~695 (+~50 perfusion ≈ 745)	mmHg	9 m head-above-heart; the +50 is Seymour's perfusion term, not an independent constant	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN08-46	CN-08	MAP_sauropod = 750 (= 700 static column + ~50 perfusion) mmHg	MAP_sauropod	750 (= 700 static column + ~50 perfusion)	mmHg	~9 m raised head	MODELED	Seymour 2009, Biol Lett 5(3):317–319 — the in-chapter arithmetic REPRODUCES his construction using his own +50 term: a consistency check on transcription, NOT an independent landing	Re-derive; a different ρ or geometry.
CN08-47	CN-08	m_heart/M = ~5% of body weight; walls 5× thicker, 15× heavier than an animal producing 100 mmHg %	m_heart/M	~5% of body weight; walls 5× thicker, 15× heavier than an animal producing 100 mmHg	%	to produce 700 mmHg — the static column below an upright Barosaurus neck — not the 750 total	MODELED	Seymour 2009	Re-run the cardiac model.
CN08-48	CN-08	f_circ = ~49% of total energy budget (vs ~10% at 100 mmHg) %	f_circ	~49% of total energy budget (vs ~10% at 100 mmHg)	%	sauropod circulation at 750 mmHg	MODELED	Seymour 2009	Re-run the model; a cheaper route to 750 mmHg.
CN08-49	CN-08	MAP_giraffe,heart = 185 ± 41.6 mmHg	MAP_giraffe,heart	185 ± 41.6	mmHg	giraffe, at heart level	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Mitchell et al. 2006, J Exp Biol 209(13):2515	Independent catheterisation outside range.
CN08-50	CN-08	MAP_giraffe,head = 100.3 ± 20.9 mmHg	MAP_giraffe,head	100.3 ± 20.9	mmHg	giraffe, at head	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Mitchell & Skinner 1993, via Mitchell et al. 2006	As above.
CN08-51	CN-08	giraffe column reconciliation = 84.7 mmHg ÷ 77.3 ⇒ ~1.1 m — shorter than standing head-above-heart m	giraffe column reconciliation	84.7 mmHg ÷ 77.3 ⇒ ~1.1 m — shorter than standing head-above-heart	m	explained by the source itself: anaesthesia, head held at 'an average angle less than vertical', or necks not 2 m long; residual open question is the authors' own — 'it is also possible that mechanisms exist that reduce the work of the heart'	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (explanation stated by the authors; the residual mechanism is untested)	Mitchell et al. 2006, J Exp Biol 209(13):2515 (verbatim)	Catheterise conscious giraffes of known neck length at known head angle; a residual gap surviving those controls indicts the work-reducing-mechanism hypothesis.
CN08-52	CN-08	Birds ∈ Dinosauria = birds are maniraptoran theropods	Birds ∈ Dinosauria	birds are maniraptoran theropods	—	phylogeny	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Huxley 1868; Ostrom 1970s; Norell et al. 1997; Chen et al. 1998	A phylogeny placing Aves outside Dinosauria on comparable data.
CN08-53	CN-08	Furcula in Dromaeosauridae = present — refutes Heilmann's 1926 objection	Furcula in Dromaeosauridae	present — refutes Heilmann's 1926 objection	—	Velociraptor	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Norell, Makovicky & Clark 1997, Nature 389:447, DOI 10.1038/38918	Re-identify the element as non-furcular.
CN08-54	CN-08	Feathers pre-Avialae = Sinosauropteryx (desc. 1996), Yixian Fm., Liaoning	Feathers pre-Avialae	Sinosauropteryx (desc. 1996), Yixian Fm., Liaoning	—	first non-avialan dinosaur with feather evidence	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Chen, Dong & Zhen 1998, Nature 391:147–152; dating Swisher et al. 1999, Nature 400:58	Re-interpret the integument as collagen and have it hold.
CN08-55	CN-08	Feathers pre-Archaeopteryx = Anchiornis huxleyi, >160 Ma, ≥10 Myr older Ma	Feathers pre-Archaeopteryx	Anchiornis huxleyi, >160 Ma, ≥10 Myr older	Ma	Late Jurassic	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (dating via secondary summary in this pass)	Xu et al.; Moore et al. 2023 context	Redate the Tiaojishan/Haifanggou beds.
CN08-56	CN-08	Feathers in Ornithischia = Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus — feather-like structures on the other branch	Feathers in Ornithischia	Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus — feather-like structures on the other branch	—	—	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	described 2014; primary not fetched in this pass	Re-interpret the structures.

CN-09 — Whales: the upper bound of animal life, and low-frequency information

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-09-whales.md · 67 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN09-01	CN-09	M_blue,measured — no value carried	M_blue,measured	—	t	mass of the largest blue whale	NOT-MEASURED	Motani & Pyenson 2024, PeerJ 12:e16978	Weigh one intact.
CN09-02	CN-09	M_blue,piece = ≥136.4 t	M_blue,piece	≥136.4	t	27.1 m female, weighed in parts (fluid lost)	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Winston 1950, via Motani & Pyenson 2024	Re-weigh under controlled loss accounting.
CN09-03	CN-09	M_blue,regr = 234 (95% CI 187–294); fluid-corrected 252 (CI 201–306) @ 7% blood loss, 272 (CI 217–342) @ 14% t	M_blue,regr	234 (95% CI 187–294); fluid-corrected 252 (CI 201–306) @ 7% blood loss, 272 (CI 217–342) @ 14%	t	33 m blue whale, length→mass regression. The two fluid-corrected values are separate estimates under separate blood-loss assumptions — never merge them into one interval; 'CI 201–342' is a hull of two intervals, not an interval	MODELED	Motani & Pyenson 2024	New regression on a larger measured sample; an independent fluid-loss accounting outside 7–14%.
CN09-04	CN-09	M_blue,vol = 266–279 t	M_blue,vol	266–279	t	3D volumetric model	MODELED	Motani & Pyenson 2024	Independent volumetric model outside range.
CN09-05	CN-09	L_blue,max = 33.26 m	L_blue,max	33.26	m	longest reliably measured blue whale	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Risting 1928, via Motani & Pyenson 2024	A longer verifiable measurement.
CN09-06	CN-09	M_Perucetus = 85–340 vs 60–70 (max 98–114) t	M_Perucetus	85–340 vs 60–70 (max 98–114)	t	P. colossus: original vs re-analysis. 85–340 is reported via the rebuttal, not the primary (M22 cavity)	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Bianucci et al. 2023 as characterised in Motani & Pyenson 2024, PeerJ 12:e16978	Fetch Bianucci et al. 2023 directly; third independent estimate; new postcrania.
CN09-07	CN-09	EE_odontocete = decreases with body mass ratio	EE_odontocete	decreases with body mass	ratio	energy captured ÷ energy expended	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goldbogen et al. 2019, Science 366:1367–1372	Tag data showing EE rising with size in odontocetes.
CN09-08	CN-09	EE_rorqual = increases with body mass ratio	EE_rorqual	increases with body mass	ratio	lunge filter feeders on krill	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goldbogen et al. 2019, Science	As above, inverted.
CN09-09	CN-09	EE_robustness = holds for MR ∝ M^0.45 … M^0.75	EE_robustness	holds for MR ∝ M^0.45 … M^0.75	—	metabolic-exponent ablation	MODELED	Goldbogen et al. 2019, Science	An exponent in range that flips the sign.
CN09-10	CN-09	V_engulf = 100–160 % of whale's own body volume	V_engulf	100–160	% of whale's own body volume	largest rorquals, per lunge	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goldbogen et al. 2019, Science	Direct volumetric measurement outside range.
CN09-11	CN-09	E_lunge/E_prey,odont = ≥1 orders of magnitude	E_lunge/E_prey,odont	≥1	orders of magnitude	largest rorqual lunge vs largest toothed-whale prey	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Goldbogen et al. 2019, Science	Prey-energy census closing the gap.
CN09-12	CN-09	Size limit = prey availability, not physiology vs cardiac limit	Size limit	prey availability, not physiology vs cardiac limit	—	Science 2019 vs PNAS 2019, shared first author	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Goldbogen et al. 2019 Science 366:1367–1372; PNAS 116:25329–25332	ECG on n≫1 blue whales; a prey-abundance manipulation.
CN09-13	CN-09	f_HR,dive = 4–8 (min 2) bpm	f_HR,dive	4–8 (min 2)	bpm	blue whale, foraging dives ≤184 m, ≤16.5 min	OBSERVED-SINGLE (n=1)	Goldbogen et al. 2019, PNAS 116(50):25329–25332	Second instrumented blue whale outside range.
CN09-14	CN-09	f_HR,surface = 25–37 bpm	f_HR,surface	25–37	bpm	post-deep-dive tachycardia, near inferred max	OBSERVED-SINGLE (n=1)	Goldbogen et al. 2019, PNAS	As above.
CN09-15	CN-09	f_HR,pred = 15 bpm	f_HR,pred	15	bpm	allometrically predicted resting, 70,000 kg	MODELED	Goldbogen et al. 2019, PNAS	Re-derive the allometry.
CN09-16	CN-09	TE_trophic = 10 % per trophic level	TE_trophic	10	% per trophic level	48 trophic models, 6 aquatic ecosystem types; re-estimated, not assumed	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Pauly & Christensen 1995, Nature 374:255–257	Re-estimate from independent models outside ~5–15%.
CN09-17	CN-09	TL_range = 1.0 (edible algae) – 4.2 (tunas) fractional trophic level	TL_range	1.0 (edible algae) – 4.2 (tunas)	fractional trophic level	39 commodity groups, global catch 94.3 Mt/yr 1988–91	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Pauly & Christensen 1995	Re-assign trophic levels.
CN09-18	CN-09	Land-vs-sea size asymmetry = no terrestrial pre-concentrated low-trophic patch	Land-vs-sea size asymmetry	no terrestrial pre-concentrated low-trophic patch	—	this chapter's synthesis	MODELED	Composed in-chapter from Goldbogen 2019 + Pauly & Christensen 1995	Exhibit a terrestrial bulk-engulfable low-trophic resource.
CN09-19	CN-09	[Mb]_cetacean = 1.81–5.78 g Mb / 100 g wet muscle	[Mb]_cetacean	1.81–5.78	g Mb / 100 g wet muscle	cetaceans, body mass 70–80,000 kg	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Noren & Williams 2000, Comp Biochem Physiol A 126(2):181–191	Measurement outside range under stated method.
CN09-20	CN-09	[Mb]_dolphin,max = ~6.3 g Mb / 100 g	[Mb]_dolphin,max	~6.3	g Mb / 100 g	striped dolphin, epaxial middle	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Arregui et al. 2021, Animals 11(2):451	Independent assay >2× off.
CN09-21	CN-09	f_Mb,locomotor = 92.8 % of total muscle O₂ store	f_Mb,locomotor	92.8	% of total muscle O₂ store	three delphinid species	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Arregui et al. 2021	Re-partition by muscle group.
CN09-22	CN-09	[Mb]_terrestrial = <~0.5 (ratio 10–30× divers:non-divers) g Mb / 100 g	[Mb]_terrestrial	<~0.5 (ratio 10–30× divers:non-divers)	g Mb / 100 g	non-diving mammals — Kooyman 1989 primary not read here	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary attribution)	Kooyman 1989, cited in the comparative literature	Fetch Kooyman 1989; measure human muscle Mb.
CN09-23	CN-09	[Mb]_human — no value carried	[Mb]_human	—	g Mb / 100 g	human skeletal muscle	NOT-MEASURED	not sourced in this pass	Fetch a primary value.
CN09-24	CN-09	Z_Mb = elevated net surface charge in divers	Z_Mb	elevated net surface charge in divers	—	ancestral reconstruction, 130-species phylogeny	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Mirceta et al. 2013, Science 340(6138):1234192	A high-[Mb] diver without the charge signature.
CN09-25	CN-09	r²_dive = 50 (all cetaceans); 83 (odontocetes) % variance in max dive duration explained by [Mb] + body mass	r²_dive	50 (all cetaceans); 83 (odontocetes)	% variance in max dive duration explained by [Mb] + body mass	—	MODELED	Noren & Williams 2000	Re-run the regression.
CN09-26	CN-09	d_collapse,N₂ = ~70 m	d_collapse,N₂	~70	m	Tursiops truncatus, live, inferred from N₂ washout	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Ridgway & Howard 1979, Science 206(4423):1182–1183	Repeat washout; a different inferred depth.
CN09-27	CN-09	d_collapse,CT = range 58 (grey seal, 50% TLC) – 133 (harbour porpoise, 100% TLC); per-specimen common-dolphin values NOT-CONFIRMED m	d_collapse,CT	range 58 (grey seal, 50% TLC) – 133 (harbour porpoise, 100% TLC); per-specimen common-dolphin values NOT-CONFIRMED	m	post-mortem hyperbaric CT, extrapolated to zero gas volume — vessel rated only to 170 m depth-equivalent, so these are extrapolations, not readings. Every value carries a TLC condition. Do not average with the row above	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Moore et al. 2011, J Exp Biol 214:2390–2397 (abstract only — Table 2 not read in this pass)	In-vivo imaging under pressure reconciling both; fetch Table 2 for per-specimen values.
CN09-28	CN-09	d_dive,max = 2,992 m	d_dive,max	2,992	m	Ziphius cavirostris, mammalian depth record	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Schorr et al. 2014, PLOS ONE 9(3):e92633	A deeper tagged mammalian dive.
CN09-29	CN-09	t_dive,mean = 67.4 (s.d. 6.9) @ 1,401 m (s.d. 137.8) min	t_dive,mean	67.4 (s.d. 6.9) @ 1,401 m (s.d. 137.8)	min	Ziphius, mean deep dive, 8 whales / n = 1,142 deep dives (of 6,827 total = 1,142 deep + 5,685 shallow; the 6,827 sum is this chapter's, from the paper's Table). n is the deep-dive count, not the total	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schorr et al. 2014	Independent tagging outside range.
CN09-30	CN-09	t_dive,median = 59.0 (max 132; 95th pct 77.7 = bADL) min	t_dive,median	59.0 (max 132; 95th pct 77.7 = bADL)	min	Ziphius, 3,680 dives / 23 tags, primary dataset	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Quick et al. 2020, J Exp Biol 223(18):jeb222109	Independent dataset outside range.
CN09-31	CN-09	t_dive,222 = 222 (and 173) min	t_dive,222	222 (and 173)	min	one individual (ZcTag066); censored from the bADL estimation for statistical hygiene — 17 and 24 d after a known 1-h Navy mid-frequency sonar exposure. Capacity vs disturbance is UNRESOLVED, and the primary authors lean capacity: 'perhaps more indicative of the true limits of the diving behaviour of this species'	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (the dispute is capacity-vs-disturbance; the censoring is not a disturbance verdict)	Quick et al. 2020	An unexposed animal reaching >137.5 min.
CN09-32	CN-09	α(f) = 0.11f²/(1+f²) + 44f²/(4100+f²) + 0.0003f² dB/km (f in kHz)	α(f)	0.11f²/(1+f²) + 44f²/(4100+f²) + 0.0003f²	dB/km (f in kHz)	Thorp; N. Atlantic, <50 kHz	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Thorp 1967, JASA 42:270, via TU Delft OCW reader ch.3	Measured α outside fit under stated conditions.
CN09-33	CN-09	α(100 Hz) = 0.0012 → r₁₀dB 8,333 dB/km → km	α(100 Hz)	0.0012 → r₁₀dB 8,333	dB/km → km	Thorp, published table	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	TU Delft OCW reader ch.3	Recompute; field measurement.
CN09-34	CN-09	α(1 kHz) = 0.07 → r₁₀dB 143 dB/km → km	α(1 kHz)	0.07 → r₁₀dB 143	dB/km → km	Thorp, published table	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN09-35	CN-09	α(10 kHz) = 1.2 → r₁₀dB 8.3 dB/km → km	α(10 kHz)	1.2 → r₁₀dB 8.3	dB/km → km	Thorp, published table	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN09-36	CN-09	α(20 Hz) = ~4.8 × 10⁻⁵ → r₁₀dB ~2.1 × 10⁵ dB/km → km	α(20 Hz)	~4.8 × 10⁻⁵ → r₁₀dB ~2.1 × 10⁵	dB/km → km	computed in-chapter, Thorp extrapolated below its fitting range	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; formula per Thorp 1967	Field measurement at 20 Hz; a low-f formula disagreeing.
CN09-37	CN-09	α(15 kHz) = 2.47 (Thorp, evaluated in-chapter) vs 1.5 (adopted by Møhl et al. for their sonar-equation example) dB/km	α(15 kHz)	2.47 (Thorp, evaluated in-chapter) vs 1.5 (adopted by Møhl et al. for their sonar-equation example)	dB/km	two model inputs, not two observations. Møhl et al. state no site measurement — 1.5 dB/km is a parameter they plug into a worked example. The gap is an unexplained parameter difference, not a contested observation	MODELED	Computed in-chapter (Thorp 1967); Møhl et al. 2003 (parameter choice, not a measurement)	Measure α at 15 kHz at both sites.
CN09-38	CN-09	α_air,2kHz = ≈ 9.9 dB/km ≈ 1.14 × 10⁻³ m⁻¹ dB/km; m⁻¹	α_air,2kHz	≈ 9.9 dB/km ≈ 1.14 × 10⁻³ m⁻¹	dB/km; m⁻¹	air at 2 kHz, 20 °C, 50% RH, 101.325 kPa — the condition is part of the number	MODELED (ISO 9613-1 evaluated in-chapter)	ISO 9613-1 (the standard, not the course reader); implementation checked against ISO 9613-2 Table 2	An ISO 9613-1 table lookup or calibrated air-absorption measurement at 2 kHz disagreeing with ~10 dB/km.
CN09-39	CN-09	α_air/α_water = ≈ 80× ratio	α_air/α_water	≈ 80×	ratio	at 2 kHz (air 1.14 × 10⁻³ m⁻¹ @ 20 °C/50% RH vs Thorp 1.4 × 10⁻⁵ m⁻¹). Not '>1,000×' — that figure came from the TU Delft reader's air value, which is wrong by ~17×	MODELED (arithmetic on the two source rows)	Computed in-chapter from ISO 9613-1 + Thorp 1967	Independent measurement of either term.
CN09-40	CN-09	ΔdB_air/water = 61.58 dB	ΔdB_air/water	61.58	dB	10·log₁₀(20² × 3600): reference-pressure ratio × impedance ratio	MODELED (arithmetic)	Computed in-chapter; cross-checked against Møhl et al. 2003's own 235→173 conversion	Arithmetic error; a different impedance ratio.
CN09-41	CN-09	SL_blue = 189 ± 3 dB re 1 µPa @ 1 m, 25–29 Hz	SL_blue	189 ± 3	dB re 1 µPa @ 1 m, 25–29 Hz	calibrated bottom-moored hydrophones, W. Antarctic Peninsula	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Širović, Hildebrand & Wiggins 2007, JASA 122(2):1208–1215	Calibrated measurement outside 186–192.
CN09-42	CN-09	SL_fin = 189 ± 4 dB re 1 µPa @ 1 m, 15–28 Hz	SL_fin	189 ± 4	dB re 1 µPa @ 1 m, 15–28 Hz	as above	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Širović et al. 2007	As above.
CN09-43	CN-09	r_detect,blue = 200 (error 3.8) km	r_detect,blue	200 (error 3.8)	km	measured localization range (hyperbolic) — hydrophone hears whale	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Širović et al. 2007	Longer localization with stated error.
CN09-44	CN-09	r_detect,fin = 56 (error 3.4) km	r_detect,fin	56 (error 3.4)	km	measured localization range (multipath)	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Širović et al. 2007	As above.
CN09-45	CN-09	SL_sperm = 236 max; 235 representative (8 events 226–234) dB re 1 µPa rms (on-axis)	SL_sperm	236 max; 235 representative (8 events 226–234)	dB re 1 µPa rms (on-axis)	Physeter, large-aperture array, 14 h, Bleik Canyon	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Møhl et al. 2003, JASA 114(2):1143–1154	Calibrated on-axis measurement outside range.
CN09-46	CN-09	SL_sperm,offaxis = 170–180 (classical) vs 202–223 (large-aperture) vs 236 (on-axis) dB re 1 µPa	SL_sperm,offaxis	170–180 (classical) vs 202–223 (large-aperture) vs 236 (on-axis)	dB re 1 µPa	the same animal — the spread is aspect angle, not disagreement	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Møhl et al. 2003 (reviewing Backus & Schevill 1966 etc.)	Show the classical figures were on-axis.
CN09-47	CN-09	SL_sperm,air-equiv = 173 dB SPL re 20 µPa	SL_sperm,air-equiv	173	dB SPL re 20 µPa	235 dB re 1 µPa rms converted by the source authors	MODELED	Møhl et al. 2003	Recompute the impedance conversion.
CN09-48	CN-09	DI_sperm = 27 (half-power half-angle ~4° ⇒ full −3 dB beamwidth ~8°) dB	DI_sperm	27 (half-power half-angle ~4° ⇒ full −3 dB beamwidth ~8°)	dB	composite directionality index. Møhl et al. print the half-angle; beamwidth is conventionally quoted full-width — name the convention or be wrong by 2×	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Møhl et al. 2003	Reconstruct the radiation pattern.
CN09-49	CN-09	p_on-axis = ~1 in 1,000 clicks	p_on-axis	~1 in 1,000	clicks	probability a recorded click is the on-axis monopulse	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Møhl et al. 2003	A recording geometry with a different hit rate.
CN09-50	CN-09	P_sperm = 2 MW omni @ 100% eff. → 4 kW at DI = 27 dB W	P_sperm	2 MW omni @ 100% eff. → 4 kW at DI = 27 dB	W	peak acoustic power to make 235 dB re 1 µPa rms	MODELED	Møhl et al. 2003	Recompute; refute DI.
CN09-51	CN-09	t_click / f_c = ~100 µs / 15 kHz (cBW_rms 4.1 kHz) s / Hz	t_click / f_c	~100 µs / 15 kHz (cBW_rms 4.1 kHz)	s / Hz	on-axis p1 pulse	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Møhl et al. 2003	Independent on-axis recording.
CN09-52	CN-09	rms vs p-p = true rms is significantly lower than peak-to-peak, 'used in most of the literature on odontocete clicks'	rms vs p-p	true rms is significantly lower than peak-to-peak, 'used in most of the literature on odontocete clicks'	—	the units trap	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Møhl et al. 2003 (their own caveat)	—
CN09-53	CN-09	Δ_100kHz = ~60 dB detectability lost to absorption at 1 km	Δ_100kHz	~60	dB detectability lost to absorption at 1 km	substituting a dolphin-like 100 kHz pulse, ceteris paribus	MODELED	Møhl et al. 2003	Recompute the sonar equation.
CN09-54	CN-09	c_sound = 1477 (surface) → 1468 (500 m) m/s	c_sound	1477 (surface) → 1468 (500 m)	m/s	Norwegian coastal water, measured profile	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Møhl et al. 2003	Independent CTD profile.
CN09-55	CN-09	z_SOFAR = ~750–1,200 (midlat); near-surface polar m	z_SOFAR	~750–1,200 (midlat); near-surface polar	m	deep sound channel axis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (secondary source in this pass)	Ewing & Worzel 1948, GSA Memoir 27; depth via secondary	Fetch a primary sound-speed climatology.
CN09-56	CN-09	r_SOFAR,demo = up to 900 nmi (~1,700 km) km	r_SOFAR,demo	up to 900 nmi (~1,700 km)	km	1944 R/V Saluda explosive-charge demonstration	OBSERVED-SINGLE	Ewing & Worzel 1948	Read the primary; a different demonstrated range.
CN09-57	CN-09	r_PayneWebb = NOT-CONFIRMED (secondaries render ~700 km / 3,500 mi / 4,000 mi / 13,000 mi) km	r_PayneWebb	NOT-CONFIRMED (secondaries render ~700 km / 3,500 mi / 4,000 mi / 13,000 mi)	km	calculated basin-scale range for 20 Hz calls	MODELED / NOT-CONFIRMED	Payne & Webb 1971, Ann NY Acad Sci 188:110–141 — primary not read in this pass	Fetch the primary and read the propagation section.
CN09-58	CN-09	Whales hear each other across a basin — no value carried	Whales hear each other across a basin	—	—	reception + response at basin scale	NOT-MEASURED	—	Show a whale detectably responds to an identified conspecific call at ≥10³ km.
CN09-59	CN-09	r_sync,bowhead = up to ~100 (persisting up to ~1 week) km	r_sync,bowhead	up to ~100 (persisting up to ~1 week)	km	12 tagged bowheads, 144 d, Disko Bay; dives recorded, sounds not	OBSERVED-SINGLE (mechanism inferred)	Podolskiy, Teilmann & Heide-Jørgensen 2024, Phys Rev Research 6:033174	Simultaneous acoustic + dive tags; exclude a shared environmental driver.
CN09-60	CN-09	ΔN_ambient = ~10 (20–80 Hz) and ~10 (200–300 Hz); ~3 (100 Hz) dB, 1963–65 → 1994–2001	ΔN_ambient	~10 (20–80 Hz) and ~10 (200–300 Hz); ~3 (100 Hz)	dB, 1963–65 → 1994–2001	same receiver, Point Sur, California. The 200–300 Hz rise sits 7–20× above the whale bands — it is part of Andrew's result and it refutes any 'concentrated in the whale band' reading	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Andrew et al. 2002, ARLO 3(2):65–70	Recalibrate; a site showing no rise.
CN09-61	CN-09	ΔN_ambient,SN = 10–12 (95% CI 2.6) at 30–50 Hz ⇒ 2.5–3 dB/decade dB, 1964–66 → 2003–04	ΔN_ambient,SN	10–12 (95% CI 2.6) at 30–50 Hz ⇒ 2.5–3 dB/decade	dB, 1964–66 → 2003–04	west of San Nicolas Is.; 138 d continuous	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	McDonald, Hildebrand & Wiggins 2006, JASA 120(2):711–718	Independent long-baseline site disagreeing.
CN09-62	CN-09	ΔN_>300Hz = 1960s higher (diel component absent today) dB	ΔN_>300Hz	1960s higher (diel component absent today)	dB	the counter-trend — the data are not tidy	OBSERVED-SINGLE	McDonald et al. 2006	Re-analyse the 1960s diel signal.
CN09-63	CN-09	N_ships = ~2× count, ~4× gross tonnage, 1965→2003	N_ships	~2× count, ~4× gross tonnage, 1965→2003	—	world commercial fleet	OBSERVED-SINGLE	McDonald et al. 2006	Independent fleet statistics.
CN09-64	CN-09	Noise rise vs the whale band = measured rises (Andrew 20–80 Hz; McDonald 30–50 Hz) overlap but are not confined to the 15–29 Hz blue/fin band; neither team reports a measurement inside that band, and Andrew finds a comparable rise at 200–300 Hz	Noise rise vs the whale band	measured rises (Andrew 20–80 Hz; McDonald 30–50 Hz) overlap but are not confined to the 15–29 Hz blue/fin band; neither team reports a measurement inside that band, and Andrew finds a comparable rise at 200–300 Hz	—	this chapter's synthesis — not 'concentrated in the whale band', which no cited paper supports	MODELED	Composed in-chapter from Andrew et al. 2002 + McDonald et al. 2006 + Širović et al. 2007	A calibrated long-baseline measurement resolving 15–29 Hz specifically.
CN09-65	CN-09	Prestin convergence = dolphin groups inside microbats in the Prestin protein tree	Prestin convergence	dolphin groups inside microbats in the Prestin protein tree	—	echolocating bats + toothed whales	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Li, Liu, Shi & Zhang 2010, Curr Biol 20(2):R55–R56; Liu et al. 2010, 20(2):R53–R54 (independent, same issue)	A Prestin tree recovering the species topology.
CN09-66	CN-09	Genome-wide convergence = ~200 loci (Parker) vs 'background level' (Zou & Zhang) loci	Genome-wide convergence	~200 loci (Parker) vs 'background level' (Zou & Zhang)	loci	22 genomes, 805,053 aa, 2,326 genes	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (the genome-wide claim did not survive)	Parker et al. 2013, Nature 502(7470):228–231; Zou & Zhang 2015, MBE 32(5):1237–1241; Thomas & Hahn 2015, MBE 32(5):1232–1236	A method settling the null model.
CN09-67	CN-09	Hearing-gene convergence = 12 of 14 convergent sites in 6 of 7 known hearing proteins; Prestin explicitly upheld sites	Hearing-gene convergence	12 of 14 convergent sites in 6 of 7 known hearing proteins; Prestin explicitly upheld	sites	Zou & Zhang's own re-analysis	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Zou & Zhang 2015	Re-analysis dispersing the sites genome-wide.

CN-10 — Bats: active inference you can measure

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-10-bats.md · 53 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN10-01	CN-10	c = ≈343 m/s	c	≈343	m/s	air, 20 °C, 1 atm; c ≈ 331.3·sqrt(1+T/273.15)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard acoustics	Fetch a primary reference; a measured c outside 330–350 at stated conditions.
CN10-02	CN-10	f_range = ~9–11 to 212 kHz	f_range	~9–11 to 212	kHz	dominant (peak) frequency of the strongest call component, across species. Floor is species-dependent, set by E. maculatum. The 212 kHz endpoint is a CF carrier	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (as a range) / span attribution NOT-CONFIRMED	Thiagavel et al. 2017, Sci Rep 7:828. Fenton et al. 1998's confirmed subject is the 20–60 kHz assemblage result, not the full span	A species outside the range on the stated metric; and, separately: locate the 11–212 span in a primary or review source and re-attribute this row, or strike the span.
CN10-03	CN-10	f_mode = 20–60 kHz	f_mode	20–60	kHz	aerial-feeding assemblages: Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Zimbabwe	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fenton et al. 1998, Can J Zool 76(6):1174–1182	A comparable assemblage not dominated by 20–60 kHz.
CN10-04	CN-10	f_Cloeotis = 212 kHz	f_Cloeotis	212	kHz	Cloeotis percivali carrier — chain-flagged (M22)	OBSERVED-CONTESTED / NOT-CONFIRMED	Thiagavel et al. 2017 citing Bell & Fenton 1984, Behav Ecol Sociobiol 15:109–114 (primary not read in this pass)	Read Bell & Fenton 1984; if the measurement is not there, the chain breaks.
CN10-05	CN-10	f_Euderma = 9–12 (also reported ~10.5, ~12.7) kHz	f_Euderma	9–12 (also reported ~10.5, ~12.7)	kHz	Euderma maculatum dominant/peak frequency — real spread across sources. This species is what sets the f_range floor	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Fullard & Dawson 1997, J Exp Biol 200:129–137; ~10.5 in Thiagavel et al. 2017	Recording outside 9–13 kHz; or a study reconciling the reported values.
CN10-06	CN-10	lambda@50kHz = 6.9 mm	lambda@50kHz	6.9	mm	lambda = c/f, c = 343 m/s	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error, or c refuted.
CN10-07	CN-10	lambda@212kHz = 1.6 mm	lambda@212kHz	1.6	mm	as above	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	As above.
CN10-08	CN-10	lambda@10kHz = 34 mm	lambda@10kHz	34	mm	as above	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	As above.
CN10-09	CN-10	TS(f) insects = ~independent of f across 20–100 kHz dB	TS(f) insects	~independent of f across 20–100 kHz	dB	real prey items — contradicts sphere/disk Rayleigh models	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Waters, Rydell & Jones 1995, Behav Ecol Sociobiol 37(5):321–8, DOI 10.1007/BF00174136	Measure TS of real insects across 20–100 kHz and recover a strong f dependence.
CN10-10	CN-10	alpha_atm (25→50 kHz) = 0.7 → 1.7 dB/m	alpha_atm (25→50 kHz)	0.7 → 1.7	dB/m	25 → 50 kHz, 20 °C, 50% RH	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jakobsen, Brinkløv & Surlykke 2013, Front Physiol 4:89, from Lawrence & Simmons 1982; ANSI 1995	Re-measure at stated T/RH; values >2× off.
CN10-11	CN-10	alpha_atm (45→90 kHz) = 1.4 → 4 dB/m	alpha_atm (45→90 kHz)	1.4 → 4	dB/m	45 → 90 kHz, 25 °C, 80% RH	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN10-12	CN-10	ΔL_2f = 26 dB	ΔL_2f	26	dB	round-trip absorption penalty, 45→90 kHz, R = 5 m (10 m path)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from alpha_atm	Arithmetic error, or alpha_atm refuted.
CN10-13	CN-10	alpha_atm@212kHz — no value carried	alpha_atm@212kHz	—	dB/m	absorption at Cloeotis's carrier	NOT-MEASURED	not sourced in this pass	Fetch ANSI 1995 / Lawrence & Simmons 1982 and evaluate at 212 kHz.
CN10-14	CN-10	t(R) = 5.83 ms per metre of range	t(R)	5.83	ms per metre of range	t = 2R/c, two-way	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error, or c refuted.
CN10-15	CN-10	tau_search = 15–20 ms	tau_search	15–20	ms	search-phase call duration	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Moss & Surlykke 2010, Front Behav Neurosci 4:33	Measured durations outside range for a search-phase FM bat.
CN10-16	CN-10	tau_approach = 2–5 ms	tau_approach	2–5	ms	approach phase	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Moss & Surlykke 2010	As above.
CN10-17	CN-10	tau_buzz = 0.5–1 ms	tau_buzz	0.5–1	ms	terminal buzz	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Moss & Surlykke 2010	As above.
CN10-18	CN-10	R_min = 2.6–3.4 / 0.34–0.86 / 0.086–0.17 m (search / approach / buzz)	R_min	2.6–3.4 / 0.34–0.86 / 0.086–0.17	m (search / approach / buzz)	overlap-free floor R ≥ c·tau/2	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from tau + c	Arithmetic error; or a bat ranging cleanly inside c·tau/2.
CN10-19	CN-10	rate_buzz = >160 (up to ~170) calls/s	rate_buzz	>160 (up to ~170)	calls/s	terminal buzz repetition rate	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Elemans et al. 2011, Science 333(6051):1885–8; Moss & Surlykke 2010	Recording of a terminal buzz capped well below 160/s.
CN10-20	CN-10	f_muscle = up to 160; 200 in one case Hz	f_muscle	up to 160; 200 in one case	Hz	anterior cricothyroid, Myotis daubentonii, positive work in cyclic contraction	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Elemans et al. 2011	Repeat the work-loop assay; a ceiling well below 160 Hz.
CN10-21	CN-10	buzz ceiling cause = laryngeal motor performance, NOT pulse–echo overlap	buzz ceiling cause	laryngeal motor performance, NOT pulse–echo overlap	—	M. daubentonii	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Elemans et al. 2011	A bat exceeding its measured muscle cycling limit; or overlap shown to bind first.
CN10-22	CN-10	R_unamb@160/s = 1.07 m	R_unamb@160/s	1.07	m	c·PI/2, PI = 6.25 ms	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN10-23	CN-10	f_fovea = 83.0–84.5 kHz	f_fovea	83.0–84.5	kHz	R. ferrumequinum inferior colliculus, overrepresented best frequencies	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schuller & Pollak 1979, J Comp Physiol 132:47–54	Map IC best frequencies and find no overrepresentation.
CN10-24	CN-10	SD_echo = 110 (= 0.17% of F_ref) Hz	SD_echo	110 (= 0.17% of F_ref)	Hz	Hipposideros armiger (a hipposiderid — NOT a rhinolophid/horseshoe bat), in-flight DSC precision. An emission-control statistic: how tightly the bat stabilises F_echo. It is NOT a measured resolution requirement of the bat's receiver, and the source does not claim it is	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schoeppler, Schnitzler & Denzinger 2018, Sci Rep 8:4598	Onboard-mic replication with SD >5× larger.
CN10-25	CN-10	drift_Frest/Fref = up to 230 / 250 Hz	drift_Frest/Fref	up to 230 / 250	Hz	H. armiger, within a session	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schoeppler et al. 2018	As above.
CN10-26	CN-10	band_DSC = 0.1–0.2% of F_ref (≈83–166 Hz at F_ref = 83 kHz) % of F_ref	band_DSC	0.1–0.2% of F_ref (≈83–166 Hz at F_ref = 83 kHz)	% of F_ref	rhinolophids and P. parnellii — the band: precision within which F_echo is held around F_ref. A different quantity from offset_DSC below	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schoeppler et al. 2018, Sci Rep 8:4598	Re-measure; a band >2× wider under the same paradigm.
CN10-27	CN-10	offset_DSC = ~150–200 Hz (F_ref above F_rest)	offset_DSC	~150–200	Hz (F_ref above F_rest)	R. ferrumequinum, R. euryale, P. parnellii, in flight — the offset, not the band	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Schoeppler et al. 2018	Re-measure; an offset outside 100–250 Hz under the same paradigm.
CN10-28	CN-10	Δf_emit = ~2.4 kHz (lowering)	Δf_emit	~2.4	kHz (lowering)	bat at v = 5 m/s, f_r = f_e(c+v)/(c−v), F_ref = 83 kHz	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error; or a DSC bat that does not lower emission when closing.
CN10-29	CN-10	tau_CF,min = ≳9 ms	tau_CF,min	≳9	ms	derived bound: Δf ≈ 1/tau ≤ 110 Hz — soft (coherent estimation can beat 1/tau) and conditional on an unmeasured premise: that the 110 Hz emission-control SD equals the flutter-resolution scale the receiver must resolve	MODELED (premise HYPOTHESIZED)	Computed in-chapter from SD_echo	Show CF-FM flutter discrimination at that precision with tau ≪ 9 ms; or show that the required flutter-resolution scale differs from the DSC control SD — which collapses the premise and with it this row.
CN10-30	CN-10	fovea width vs DSC precision, same animal — no value carried	fovea width vs DSC precision, same animal	—	—	within-species pairing	NOT-MEASURED	two species spliced in-chapter (R. ferrumequinum fovea, H. armiger DSC)	Measure fovea width and DSC precision in one species.
CN10-31	CN-10	Δr = c/(2B) = 2.9 (at B = 60 kHz) / 8.6 (at B ≈ 1/tau, tau = 0.5 ms) mm / cm	Δr = c/(2B)	2.9 (at B = 60 kHz) / 8.6 (at B ≈ 1/tau, tau = 0.5 ms)	mm / cm	matched-filter range resolution — B = 60 kHz is an illustrative input, not a species value	MODELED (standard sonar theory; not primary-sourced)	Computed in-chapter	Cite a primary text; or a species FM bandwidth that moves the number.
CN10-32	CN-10	bat range-discrimination threshold — no value carried	bat range-discrimination threshold	—	—	measured psychophysics (the 'jitter' literature)	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	—	Read the jitter experiments and their replication attempts before quoting any threshold.
CN10-33	CN-10	SL_open = ~130, up to and beyond 140 dB SPL re 20 µPa @ 0.1 m	SL_open	~130, up to and beyond 140	dB SPL re 20 µPa @ 0.1 m	open-space aerial-hawking bats	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Surlykke & Kalko 2008, PLoS ONE 3:e2036; Jakobsen et al. 2013	Calibrated on-axis recording well below 130 dB for an open-space hawker.
CN10-34	CN-10	SL_whisper = up to 110 (not ~70) dB SPL re 20 µPa @ 0.1 m	SL_whisper	up to 110 (not ~70)	dB SPL re 20 µPa @ 0.1 m	'whispering' bats	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jakobsen et al. 2013	Calibrated recording capping at ~70 dB.
CN10-35	CN-10	p@140dB = 200 Pa (≈0.2% of 1 atm)	p@140dB	200	Pa (≈0.2% of 1 atm)	p = 20e-6 × 10^(SL/20) at 0.1 m	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN10-36	CN-10	t_reflex = 3–4 (EMG) / 4–8 (cochlear microphonic) ms	t_reflex	3–4 (EMG) / 4–8 (cochlear microphonic)	ms	acoustic middle-ear-muscle REFLEX latency, M. lucifugus — reported by the authors in order to REJECT the reflex as the mechanism: too slow to attenuate the outgoing call	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Suga & Jen 1975, J Exp Biol 62(2):277–311	Re-measure reflex latency; a latency short enough for the reflex to attenuate the emission after all.
CN10-37	CN-10	MEM timing vs vocalisation = synchronous — driven by an efference copy, not by the sound and not by a pre-vocal lead	MEM timing vs vocalisation	synchronous — driven by an efference copy, not by the sound and not by a pre-vocal lead	—	stapedius/tensor tympani, M. lucifugus	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Suga & Jen 1975: the muscles 'received a message from the vocalization system when the bat vocalized, and contracted synchronously with vocalization'	EMG showing muscle onset leading or lagging call onset, with a stated sign.
CN10-38	CN-10	MEM pre-vocal lead time — no value carried	MEM pre-vocal lead time	—	ms	onset of middle-ear-muscle contraction relative to call onset, with a sign	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	Struck: an earlier version printed '4–6 ms before vocalisation' and '8.8 ± 2.2 ms'. Neither figure is in Suga & Jen 1975, and Suga & Jen report the opposite sign — 'synchronously'	Find an EMG study reporting MEM onset relative to call onset with a stated sign.
CN10-39	CN-10	A_MEM = 17–25 dB attenuation of self-generated signal	A_MEM	17–25	dB attenuation of self-generated signal	middle-ear muscle contraction during emission	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (spread real; some sources report ~20–30)	Suga & Jen 1975; Henson 1965 (cited by, not read here)	Measure with stapedius intact vs ablated.
CN10-40	CN-10	AGC = ~6 dB sensitivity drop per halving of target distance	AGC	~6	dB sensitivity drop per halving of target distance	approach phase, attributed to middle-ear muscles	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Jakobsen et al. 2013, citing Suga & Jen 1975	Measure receiver gain vs range and find no schedule.
CN10-41	CN-10	cost of echolocation in flight = negligible at low intensity; exorbitant above ~130 dB SPL @ 0.1 m for small bats	cost of echolocation in flight	negligible at low intensity; exorbitant above ~130 dB SPL @ 0.1 m for small bats	—	Rhogeessa io (5 g); Pipistrellus nathusii	OBSERVED-CONTESTED → resolved along intensity	Speakman & Racey 1991, Nature 350:421–3; Voigt & Lewanzik 2012, J Comp Physiol B 182:831–40; Currie et al. 2020, Nat Ecol Evol 4(9):1174–7	Measure flight metabolic rate vs call intensity in a third species; a knee absent, or at a very different SPL.
CN10-42	CN-10	rate_pulse,flight = 19.7 ± 2.7 (range 15.3–25.8) pulses/s	rate_pulse,flight	19.7 ± 2.7 (range 15.3–25.8)	pulses/s	Rhogeessa io, in flight (non-buzz)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Voigt & Lewanzik 2012	Replication outside range.
CN10-43	CN-10	St_cruise = 0.2–0.4 dimensionless	St_cruise	0.2–0.4	dimensionless	flying + swimming animals at cruise, bats included	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Taylor, Nudds & Thomas 2003, Nature 425:707–11	A cruising animal well outside the band under the same St = fA/U convention.
CN10-44	CN-10	St_Glossophaga = 0.17–0.22 (4–6 m/s); 0.25–0.40 (3.4–4 m/s); 0.5–0.68 (<3 m/s) dimensionless	St_Glossophaga	0.17–0.22 (4–6 m/s); 0.25–0.40 (3.4–4 m/s); 0.5–0.68 (<3 m/s)	dimensionless	Glossophaga soricina, wind tunnel, 1.23–7.52 m/s	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Lindhe Norberg & Winter 2006, J Exp Biol 209(19):3887–97	High-speed replication moving the bands.
CN10-45	CN-10	wing loading / aspect ratio numeric ranges — no value carried	wing loading / aspect ratio numeric ranges	—	N/m² / dimensionless	bats	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	Norberg & Rayner 1987 pattern is sourced; the numbers are not	Read Norberg & Rayner 1987, Phil Trans R Soc B 316:335–427; state full- vs half-span convention.
CN10-46	CN-10	AR/wing-loading pattern = high AR → open air; low AR → clutter; low wing loading → slower flight	AR/wing-loading pattern	high AR → open air; low AR → clutter; low wing loading → slower flight	—	PCA over 200+ species	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Norberg & Rayner 1987	Re-run on a modern phylogeny with phylogenetic correction; pattern vanishes.
CN10-47	CN-10	capture_clicking = 6.8 vs 71 (silenced) % capture success	capture_clicking	6.8 vs 71 (silenced)	% capture success	Bertholdia trigona vs Eptesicus fuscus, field	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Corcoran & Conner 2012, J Exp Biol 215(24):4278–87	Field replication with a defence ratio near 1.
CN10-48	CN-10	defence_ratio = 10.4 (= 71/6.8) dimensionless	defence_ratio	10.4 (= 71/6.8)	dimensionless	as above	MODELED	Computed by Corcoran & Conner 2012 from their own rates	As above.
CN10-49	CN-10	miss_distance = ~15–20 cm	miss_distance	~15–20	cm	jammed bats; matches ranging-interference prediction	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Corcoran, Barber, Hristov & Conner 2011, J Exp Biol 214:2416–25	A method discriminating the three hypotheses and favouring phantom echo or masking.
CN10-50	CN-10	dose_response = 77% capture at 0% duty cycle; odds −4% per +1% duty cycle %	dose_response	77% capture at 0% duty cycle; odds −4% per +1% duty cycle	%	E. fuscus, playback	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fernández, Dowdy & Conner 2022, J Exp Biol 225(18):jeb244187	Replicate the dose–response and find no slope.
CN10-51	CN-10	t_jam = ~2 ms window before echo arrival	t_jam	~2	ms window before echo arrival	click must land inside it to jam	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fernández et al. 2022	Vary click timing; jamming persists far outside 2 ms.
CN10-52	CN-10	d_detect,moth = 20–25 (E. fuscus) vs <1 (E. maculatum) m	d_detect,moth	20–25 (E. fuscus) vs <1 (E. maculatum)	m	average noctuoid moth's detection distance	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Fullard & Dawson 1997	Neurophysiology giving a different threshold; a moth detecting E. maculatum at >5 m.
CN10-53	CN-10	f_click,B.trigona = up to 4,500 clicks/s	f_click,B.trigona	up to 4,500	clicks/s	Bertholdia trigona — chain-flagged	NOT-CONFIRMED	tertiary source citing Corcoran et al. 2009; primary not read in this pass	Read Corcoran et al. 2009 (Science 325:325–7) and confirm or strike.

CN-11 — Humans: the numbers, without the flattery

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-11-humans.md · 59 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN11-01	CN-11	N_cells,Bianconi = 3.72 × 10¹³ cells	N_cells,Bianconi	3.72 × 10¹³	cells	standard adult; organ-by-organ bibliographic sum	MODELED	Bianconi et al. 2013, Ann Hum Biol 40(6):463–471	Independent systematic count outside 2–6 × 10¹³.
CN11-02	CN-11	N_cells,Sender = 3.0 × 10¹³ (2% est. unc.; 14% CV) cells	N_cells,Sender	3.0 × 10¹³ (2% est. unc.; 14% CV)	cells	70 kg reference male	MODELED	Sender, Fuchs & Milo 2016, PLoS Biol 14(8):e1002533	Recount outside stated uncertainty.
CN11-03	CN-11	f_RBC = ~84 (2.5 × 10¹³) % of human cells	f_RBC	~84 (2.5 × 10¹³)	% of human cells	70 kg male	MODELED	Sender et al. 2016	Recount; RBC fraction outside 75–90%.
CN11-04	CN-11	N_nucleated = ~5 × 10¹² cells	N_nucleated	~5 × 10¹²	cells	3.0 × 10¹³ − 2.5 × 10¹³	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Sender et al. 2016	Arithmetic error.
CN11-05	CN-11	N_bacteria = 3.8 × 10¹³ (25% est. unc.; 52% SD) cells	N_bacteria	3.8 × 10¹³ (25% est. unc.; 52% SD)	cells	70 kg male, mostly colon	MODELED	Sender et al. 2016	Independent estimate outside stated band.
CN11-06	CN-11	R_B/H = 1.3 (25% unc.; 53% variation) dimensionless	R_B/H	1.3 (25% unc.; 53% variation)	dimensionless	all human cells as denominator	MODELED	Sender et al. 2016	Recount outside band.
CN11-07	CN-11	R_B/H,nucleated = ~8:1 dimensionless	R_B/H,nucleated	~8:1	dimensionless	nucleated human cells as denominator	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Sender et al. 2016	Arithmetic error.
CN11-08	CN-11	R_B/H,folklore = 10:1 — superseded dimensionless	R_B/H,folklore	10:1 — superseded	dimensionless	traced to one 1972 back-of-envelope (10¹¹/g × 1 L)	INADMISSIBLE as stated (no method, no denominator)	Sender et al. 2016 (the tracing)	Produce the original measurement it was said to rest on.
CN11-09	CN-11	m_microbiota = ~0.2 (0.3% of body mass) kg wet weight	m_microbiota	~0.2 (0.3% of body mass)	kg wet weight	70 kg male	MODELED	Sender et al. 2016	Direct measurement >2× off.
CN11-10	CN-11	Δ_defecation = 25–33 % of colonic content per event	Δ_defecation	25–33	% of colonic content per event	normal adult	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Sender et al. 2016	Measurement outside range.
CN11-11	CN-11	V̇O₂,basal = 250 mL O₂/min	V̇O₂,basal	250	mL O₂/min	70 kg man, basal state	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Clarke & Sokoloff, Basic Neurochem, 6th ed. 1999	Indirect calorimetry >20% off.
CN11-12	CN-11	k_O₂ = 4.82 (≈20.1 kJ/L) kcal/L O₂	k_O₂	4.82 (≈20.1 kJ/L)	kcal/L O₂	mixed diet, RQ ≈ 0.82 (fat 4.68, CHO 5.03)	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard indirect calorimetry	Bomb-calorimetry value outside 4.6–5.1.
CN11-13	CN-11	P_BMR = ~84 (≈1,735 kcal/day) W	P_BMR	~84 (≈1,735 kcal/day)	W	70 kg man; from V̇O₂ × k_O₂	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Clarke & Sokoloff	Arithmetic error, or V̇O₂ refuted.
CN11-14	CN-11	P_TDEE = ~97 (2,000 kcal/day) W	P_TDEE	~97 (2,000 kcal/day)	W	the 2,000 kcal/day dietary-labelling convention, converted — not a measured TDEE, and not BMR. No sex/age/mass/activity scope. The input is NOT-MEASURED	MODELED on an unsourced input	Computed in-chapter; the 2,000 kcal/day input is NOT-SOURCED in this pass	Conversion: arithmetic error. Input falsifier (the one that matters): a doubly-labelled-water TDEE for a stated cohort outside 1,800–2,200 kcal/day.
CN11-15	CN-11	p_body = ~1.2 W/kg	p_body	~1.2	W/kg	84 W / 70 kg	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN11-16	CN-11	p_cell = ~100 (mammalian) / ~1,000 (E. coli) W/kg	p_cell	~100 (mammalian) / ~1,000 (E. coli)	W/kg	cross-ref NA-08	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	BNID 111474/111475; 109687 (see NA-08)	see NA-08.
CN11-17	CN-11	N_neurons = 86.1 ± 8.1 × 10⁹ neurons	N_neurons	86.1 ± 8.1 × 10⁹	neurons	adult male human brain, isotropic fractionator	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Azevedo et al. 2009, J Comp Neurol 513:532–541	Independent count outside ±2 SD.
CN11-18	CN-11	N_nonneuronal = 84.6 ± 9.8 × 10⁹ cells	N_nonneuronal	84.6 ± 9.8 × 10⁹	cells	same	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Azevedo et al. 2009	As above.
CN11-19	CN-11	R_glia:neuron = ~1:1 dimensionless	R_glia:neuron	~1:1	dimensionless	whole human brain	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Azevedo et al. 2009	A count returning ≥3:1 by an unbiased method.
CN11-20	CN-11	R_glia,folklore = 10:1 — superseded dimensionless	R_glia,folklore	10:1 — superseded	dimensionless	no supporting reference locatable	INADMISSIBLE as stated	Herculano-Houzel 2012, PNAS 109(S1):10661–8 (the tracing)	Produce the primary source it rested on.
CN11-21	CN-11	N_neurons,folklore = 100 × 10⁹ — superseded neurons	N_neurons,folklore	100 × 10⁹ — superseded	neurons	no supporting reference locatable	INADMISSIBLE as stated	Herculano-Houzel 2012 (the tracing)	As above.
CN11-22	CN-11	f_cortex = 19 % of all brain neurons	f_cortex	19	% of all brain neurons	adult male human, isotropic fractionator — the human-specific unbiased count	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Azevedo et al. 2009 (abstract: 'With only 19% of all neurons located in the cerebral cortex')	Unbiased count outside 17–21%.
CN11-23	CN-11	f_cortex,mammals = 20–25 % of all brain neurons	f_cortex,mammals	20–25	% of all brain neurons	most mammalian species examined, including humans — regardless of relative cortex size. A cross-species regularity, not the human measurement	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Herculano-Houzel 2012	A mammalian clade whose cortex holds a materially different share.
CN11-24	CN-11	R_cerebellum:cortex = ~4:1 neurons	R_cerebellum:cortex	~4:1	neurons	human; consistent with f_cortex = 19 (cortex 19% + cerebellum ~80% + rest ~1% = 100). Note it does not close at 25%	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Herculano-Houzel 2012; Azevedo et al. 2009	Unbiased count outside 3–5:1.
CN11-25	CN-11	N_synapses = 1.64 × 10¹⁴ (164 × 10¹², CV = 0.17; textbook summaries span 0.6–2.4 × 10¹⁴) synapses	N_synapses	1.64 × 10¹⁴ (164 × 10¹², CV = 0.17; textbook summaries span 0.6–2.4 × 10¹⁴)	synapses	human neocortex, n = 5 young male autopsy brains, unbiased stereology	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single study, n = 5; no independent replication located)	Tang et al. 2001, Synapse 41(3):258–273 — primary abstract read this pass	An independent stereological count outside 0.6–2.4 × 10¹⁴; any replication at n > 5.
CN11-26	CN-11	f_brain,mass = ~2 % of body mass	f_brain,mass	~2	% of body mass	~1.4–1.5 kg / 70 kg	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	standard anatomy; Herculano-Houzel 2012	Measurement outside 1.5–2.5%.
CN11-27	CN-11	f_brain,O₂ = ~20 % of resting O₂ consumption	f_brain,O₂	~20	% of resting O₂ consumption	70 kg man, basal	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Clarke & Sokoloff 1999	CMRO₂ measurement outside 15–25%.
CN11-28	CN-11	P_brain,CMRO₂ = ~17 (≈347 kcal/day) W	P_brain,CMRO₂	~17 (≈347 kcal/day)	W	from 20% × 250 mL O₂/min	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Clarke & Sokoloff	Arithmetic error.
CN11-29	CN-11	P_brain,perneuron = ~25 (516 kcal/day; 25% of TDEE) W	P_brain,perneuron	~25 (516 kcal/day; 25% of TDEE)	W	86 × 10⁹ × 6 kcal/d per 10⁹ neurons	MODELED	Herculano-Houzel 2012	Direct human measurement settling the 1.5× gap.
CN11-30	CN-11	P_brain spread = ~1.5× — do not average dimensionless	P_brain spread	~1.5× — do not average	dimensionless	CMRO₂ route vs per-neuron route	OBSERVED-CONTESTED / MODELED	the two rows above	A method reconciling both under one measurement.
CN11-31	CN-11	p_brain = ~12–18 W/kg	p_brain	~12–18	W/kg	17–25 W over ~1.4 kg; ~10–15× body mean	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN11-32	CN-11	c_neuron = 6 kcal/day per 10⁹ neurons	c_neuron	6	kcal/day per 10⁹ neurons	primates; comparative regression	MODELED	Herculano-Houzel 2012	Direct per-neuron measurement >2× off.
CN11-33	CN-11	human brain vs primate line = on the line — not an outlier	human brain vs primate line	on the line — not an outlier	—	neuron count vs brain size, primates	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Azevedo et al. 2009 (title claim); Herculano-Houzel 2012	A primate scaling regression placing humans significantly off-line.
CN11-34	CN-11	m_brain,human vs elephant = human ~1.5; elephant 2–3× larger kg	m_brain,human vs elephant	human ~1.5; elephant 2–3× larger	kg	humans also not first in relative brain size	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Herculano-Houzel 2012	Comparative measurement refuting.
CN11-35	CN-11	N_beats,mammal = 7.3 ± 5.6 × 10⁸ (CV ≈ 77%) beats/lifetime	N_beats,mammal	7.3 ± 5.6 × 10⁸ (CV ≈ 77%)	beats/lifetime	15 mammal species, excluding humans. Provenance, per Levine's own Fig. 1 caption — 'Most coordinates represent average values (4–6)': refs 4–6 are Spector, Handbook of Biological Data (1956); Encyclopaedia Britannica (1971); and White et al. (1938). Species lifespan/HR coordinates not independently traced	OBSERVED-CONTESTED (a loose 'invariant', on averaged and untraced coordinates)	Levine 1997, J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1104–1106	Expand the species set; a tighter or looser CV; trace the coordinates to primary measurements.
CN11-36	CN-11	N_beats,human = ~2.9 × 10⁹ (2.945 × 10⁹; ~4× mean, ~4 SD out) beats/lifetime	N_beats,human	~2.9 × 10⁹ (2.945 × 10⁹; ~4× mean, ~4 SD out)	beats/lifetime	70 bpm × 80 yr	MODELED	Levine 1997 states ~3 × 10⁹ himself at these inputs — recomputed in-chapter as 2.945 × 10⁹	Arithmetic error; Levine's own stated figure moving.
CN11-37	CN-11	N_beats,human@70yr = ~2.6 × 10⁹ (2.577 × 10⁹; ~3.5× mean, ~3.3 SD — still OUTSIDE the band) beats/lifetime	N_beats,human@70yr	~2.6 × 10⁹ (2.577 × 10⁹; ~3.5× mean, ~3.3 SD — still OUTSIDE the band)	beats/lifetime	70 bpm × modal adult age at death ≈ 7 decades (lifespan in the evolutionary environment)	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; lifespan input sourced to Gurven & Kaplan 2007, Popul Dev Rev 33(2):321–365	Arithmetic error; a sourced evolutionary lifespan materially ≠ ~7 decades.
CN11-38	CN-11	e₀,hunter-gatherer = 21–37 years	e₀,hunter-gatherer	21–37	years	life expectancy at birth, traditional hunter-gatherers. Not a per-individual lifespan and cannot be multiplied by a heart rate — an average depressed largely by infant mortality	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (cross-cultural synthesis)	Gurven & Kaplan 2007	A cross-cultural series placing hunter-gatherer e₀ outside 21–37.
CN11-39	CN-11	N_beats,human@40yr = ~1.5 × 10⁹ (~1.3 SD, 'comfortably inside the band') — WITHDRAWN this pass beats/lifetime	N_beats,human@40yr	~1.5 × 10⁹ (~1.3 SD, 'comfortably inside the band') — WITHDRAWN this pass	beats/lifetime	70 bpm × 40 yr, 'pre-industrial-plausible'	INADMISSIBLE as stated: the 40 yr was unsourced, and matches neither sourced quantity — above hunter-gatherer e₀ (21–37), well below modal adult lifespan (~7 decades)	previously 'Computed here'; the input was never sourced	Produce a sourced pre-industrial lifespan of ~40 yr that is a lifespan and not an e₀.
CN11-40	CN-11	Fr_transition = ~0.5 dimensionless	Fr_transition	~0.5	dimensionless	Fr = v²/(gL), L = hip height above ground; bipeds, walk→run	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Alexander 1984, Int J Robot Res 3(2):49–59; Kram, Domingo & Ferris 1997, J Exp Biol 200(4):821–826	A biped switching at a materially different Fr.
CN11-41	CN-11	v_transition = ~2.1 (range 2.0–2.2 for L = 0.8–1.0 m) m/s	v_transition	~2.1 (range 2.0–2.2 for L = 0.8–1.0 m)	m/s	L = 0.9 m, g = 9.81 m/s². Computed, not observed — a measured absolute preferred transition speed with its n is NOT-SOURCED in this pass	MODELED	Computed in-chapter: v = √(Fr·g·L)	Arithmetic error; a measured preferred transition speed outside 2.0–2.2 m/s.
CN11-42	CN-11	v_Fr=1 = ~3.0 m/s	v_Fr=1	~3.0	m/s	inverted-pendulum mechanical ceiling, L = 0.9 m	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN11-43	CN-11	λ_sweat = ~2430 (2257 at 100 °C) J/g	λ_sweat	~2430 (2257 at 100 °C)	J/g	water, skin temperature — cross-ref CN-02	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	see CN-02	Calorimetry outside ±1%.
CN11-44	CN-11	Ṡ_routine = 1 L/h	Ṡ_routine	1	L/h	working in hot environments	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments (NCBI NBK236240)	Field measurement outside 0.5–2 L/h.
CN11-45	CN-11	Ṡ_max = 3.7 L/h	Ṡ_max	3.7	L/h	n = 1 — Alberto Salazar, 1984 Olympic Marathon. A single reported record maximum: one runner, one race, uncorroborated	OBSERVED-SINGLE (single report)	primary: Armstrong, Hubbard, Jones & Daniels 1986, Physician Sportsmed 14(3):73–81; secondary route: NBK236240	A higher documented rate; any replication at n > 1.
CN11-46	CN-11	P_evap@1L/h = ~675 (≈8× BMR) W	P_evap@1L/h	~675 (≈8× BMR)	W	ceiling, assumes full evaporation at the skin	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from λ_sweat	Arithmetic error.
CN11-47	CN-11	P_evap@3.7L/h = ~2500 (≈30× BMR) W	P_evap@3.7L/h	~2500 (≈30× BMR)	W	ceiling, same assumption	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error.
CN11-48	CN-11	λ_eff reduction = up to 45 % below physical λ	λ_eff reduction	up to 45	% below physical λ	vapour resistance displaces evaporation off-skin	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Havenith et al. 2013 (see CN-02)	Manikin study finding λ_eff ≈ λ.
CN11-49	CN-11	panting decoupling = breathing phase-locked to gait in galloping quadrupeds; sweating is not	panting decoupling	breathing phase-locked to gait in galloping quadrupeds; sweating is not	—	mechanism, not magic	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Carrier 1984	A galloping quadruped independently modulating pant rate.
CN11-50	CN-11	E_threshold = 2.1–5.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ ergs = 54–148 quanta at the cornea	E_threshold	2.1–5.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ ergs = 54–148 quanta	at the cornea	blue-green, optimal conditions	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hecht, Shlaer & Pirenne 1942, J Gen Physiol 25(6):819–840	Replication outside range.
CN11-51	CN-11	n_quanta,absorbed = 5–14 quanta at the rods	n_quanta,absorbed	5–14	quanta at the rods	inferred after corneal/media/rhodopsin losses	MODELED	Hecht et al. 1942	A loss model changing the inference.
CN11-52	CN-11	single-photon detection = above chance probability	single-photon detection	above chance	probability	single photon at cornea; heralded source	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Tinsley et al. 2016, Nat Commun 7:12172; tension asserted by DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-48750-y (title-level reading only)	Read the 2024 paper; a replication failing above-chance detection.
CN11-53	CN-11	DR_hearing = 10⁶ pressure / 10¹² intensity (0→120 dB SPL; 20 µPa → 20 Pa) dimensionless	DR_hearing	10⁶ pressure / 10¹² intensity (0→120 dB SPL; 20 µPa → 20 Pa)	dimensionless	The ratio follows from the dB definition; the endpoints do not. 0 dB SPL = the 20 µPa reference level, anchored near 1 kHz — not 'the threshold of hearing'. 120 dB upper endpoint = a convention, no source carried	MODELED (the ratio) / NOT-MEASURED (both endpoints)	Computed in-chapter from the 20 µPa reference level; no primary carried for either endpoint	Ratio: arithmetic error. Endpoints: an audiometric threshold series showing the 20 µPa reference is not ≈ threshold at 1 kHz; or a sourced upper endpoint ≠ 120 dB SPL.
CN11-54	CN-11	DR_vision = ~10 — carried as a ballpark, not asserted orders of magnitude of luminance	DR_vision	~10 — carried as a ballpark, not asserted	orders of magnitude of luminance	scotopic→photopic	NOT-MEASURED — no source located this pass	none — NOT-SOURCED in this pass	Fetch a primary for the scotopic→photopic luminance range; a sourced range materially ≠ ~10 orders.
CN11-55	CN-11	retina orientation = inverted (photoreceptors face away; axons exit through it → blind spot)	retina orientation	inverted (photoreceptors face away; axons exit through it → blind spot)	—	vertebrates; cephalopods verted, no blind spot	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Franze et al. 2007, PNAS 104(20):8287–8292; cephalopod comparative literature	An anatomical demonstration that vertebrate photoreceptors face the light.
CN11-56	CN-11	Müller cells as waveguides = funnel-shaped, higher refractive index, aligned to light path	Müller cells as waveguides	funnel-shaped, higher refractive index, aligned to light path	—	the patch, not a refutation of the accident	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Franze et al. 2007	Optical measurement showing no fibre-like transfer.
CN11-57	CN-11	ceiling_EGG = 2.0–2.1 × BMR (non-pregnant, non-lactating)	ceiling_EGG	2.0–2.1	× BMR (non-pregnant, non-lactating)	maternal max sustained metabolic scope	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Dunsworth et al. 2012, PNAS 109(38):15212–15216; contested by Evol Med Public Health 11(1):415 (2023)	A study confirming the ceiling is never exceeded at term.
CN11-58	CN-11	wider pelvis → locomotor cost = no measured increase	wider pelvis → locomotor cost	no measured increase	—	men and women, dynamic hip-abductor model	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Warrener et al. 2015, PLoS ONE 10(3):e0118903	A replication finding a metabolic penalty for pelvic width.
CN11-59	CN-11	first-person testimony — no value carried	first-person testimony	—	—	the human is the only system here that reports its states	HONEST-class, never TRUE	repo cardinal rule; NA-04, M12	None. Testimony is never calibrated — that is the point, not a gap.

CN-12 — Beyond human: the permanent open question (QUAESTIO APERTA)

Source: cookbook/recipes-natura/CN-12-beyond-human-open-question.md · 41 rows

row_id	chapter	claim	symbol	value	units	scope	class	source	falsifier
CN12-01	CN-12	E_L(300) = 2.87 × 10⁻²¹ J per bit erased	E_L(300)	2.87 × 10⁻²¹	J per bit erased	k_B T ln2, T = 300 K	MODELED (computed)	Landauer 1961, IBM J Res Dev 5(3):183–191; k_B exact per SI 2019	Arithmetic error.
CN12-02	CN-12	E_L(310) = 2.97 × 10⁻²¹ J per bit erased	E_L(310)	2.97 × 10⁻²¹	J per bit erased	k_B T ln2, T = 310 K (body)	MODELED (computed)	as above	Arithmetic error.
CN12-03	CN-12	E_L measured = saturates at k_B T ln2 J	E_L measured	saturates at k_B T ln2	J	single colloidal particle, modulated double-well, long erasure cycles	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Bérut et al. 2012, Nature 483:187–190	An erasure cycle dissipating reproducibly below the bound.
CN12-04	CN-12	P_brain = ~20 W	P_brain	~20	W	human brain, ~2% body mass, ~20% of resting metabolism	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard cerebral-metabolism references (Clarke & Sokoloff, Basic Neurochemistry)	Fetch a primary calorimetric/CMR source; a value outside ~15–25 W.
CN12-05	CN-12	N_L,brain = 6.7 × 10²¹ bit-erasures/s	N_L,brain	6.7 × 10²¹	bit-erasures/s	ceiling: 20 W ÷ k_B T ln2 at 310 K	MODELED	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error, or P_brain refuted.
CN12-06	CN-12	E_bit,syn = ~10⁴ ATP per bit	E_bit,syn	~10⁴	ATP per bit	chemical synapse, blowfly retina	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Laughlin, de Ruyter van Steveninck & Anderson 1998, Nat Neurosci 1(1):36–41	Independent measurement >10× off under stated conditions.
CN12-07	CN-12	E_bit,graded = 10⁶–10⁷ ATP per bit	E_bit,graded	10⁶–10⁷	ATP per bit	graded signals in photoreceptor/interneuron, or spike coding	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN12-08	CN-12	r_Landauer = ~10⁵·⁵ – 10⁸·⁵ dimensionless	r_Landauer	~10⁵·⁵ – 10⁸·⁵	dimensionless	blowfly retina signalling (Laughlin et al. 1998) ÷ Landauer floor at 300 K; ATP at ~50 kJ/mol — the endpoint of NA-08's −47 to −50 range, which is E. coli-anchored and states no [ATP]/[ADP][Pi], pH or Mg²⁺ conditions. Assumes fly per-bit cost and bacterial ΔG generalise to mammalian neural signalling: an assumption, not a measurement	MODELED	Computed in-chapter from Laughlin et al. 1998 + NA-08 ΔG_ATP	Arithmetic error; a different ATP free energy; or a mammalian ATP/bit measurement >10× off the fly value.
CN12-09	CN-12	'orders above Landauer' as a single figure — no value carried	'orders above Landauer' as a single figure	—	—	depends entirely on what counts as one bit operation in a brain	NOT-MEASURED	—	Define and measure a brain's irreversible-operation count.
CN12-10	CN-12	c²/h = 1.36 × 10⁵⁰ bits·s⁻¹·kg⁻¹	c²/h	1.36 × 10⁵⁰	bits·s⁻¹·kg⁻¹	Bremermann's limit	MODELED (computed)	Bremermann 1962, Self-Organizing Systems; c, h exact per SI 2019	Arithmetic error.
CN12-11	CN-12	m_brain = ~1.4 kg	m_brain	~1.4	kg	adult human brain mass, as used for the Bremermann figure	OBSERVED-REPLICATED (standard reference; not primary-sourced in this pass)	standard anatomical references	Fetch a primary source; a value outside ~1.2–1.5 kg.
CN12-12	CN-12	d_Bremermann = ~28 to ~37 orders of magnitude	d_Bremermann	~28 to ~37	orders of magnitude	distance from c²/h × 1.4 kg down to a brain — ~28 vs Accounting A's ceiling, ~34–37 vs Accounting B's measured per-bit costs	MODELED (computed)	Computed in-chapter	Arithmetic error; or a declared accounting landing outside ~28–37.
CN12-13	CN-12	'orders below Bremermann' as a single figure — no value carried	'orders below Bremermann' as a single figure	—	—	like r_Landauer, it is fixed only once a bit-accounting is chosen	NOT-MEASURED	—	Declare an accounting. Any bare figure (a '~39' follows from an undeclared ~10¹¹ bits/s) is a choice, not a measurement.
CN12-14	CN-12	v_myel = up to 150 m/s	v_myel	up to 150	m/s	myelinated axons	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Purves et al. 2001, Neuroscience 2nd ed., Sinauer	Measurement outside stated range.
CN12-15	CN-12	v_unmyel = 0.5–10 m/s	v_unmyel	0.5–10	m/s	unmyelinated axons	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	as above	As above.
CN12-16	CN-12	v ∝ d = linear	v ∝ d	linear	—	conduction velocity vs outer diameter, myelinated	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Hursh 1939, Am J Physiol 127(1):131–139; Gasser & Grundfest 1939	A myelinated preparation with non-linear v(d).
CN12-17	CN-12	v ∝ d constant — no value carried	v ∝ d constant	—	m·s⁻¹·µm⁻¹	the proportionality constant	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	not confirmed here	Fetch Hursh 1939 and read the fitted slope.
CN12-18	CN-12	τ_callosal = 3–9 ms	τ_callosal	3–9	ms	fastest cross-brain time, 95th-percentile axons, 14 anthropoid primates over a 97-fold brain-mass range	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Phillips et al. 2015, Proc R Soc B 282:20151535 (corr. 282:20152620)	An anthropoid with 95th-percentile cross-brain time outside 3–9 ms.
CN12-19	CN-12	τ_callosal,median = 11–38 ms	τ_callosal,median	11–38	ms	cross-brain conduction time for median axon diameters, same 14 anthropoid primates — the bulk of interhemispheric traffic	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Phillips et al. 2015	An anthropoid with median cross-brain time outside 11–38 ms.
CN12-20	CN-12	d_callosal = majority < 1 µm	d_callosal	majority < 1	µm	callosal myelinated axons, all 14 species	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Phillips et al. 2015	A species with majority > 1 µm.
CN12-21	CN-12	W ∝ G^(4/3) = 4/3 (less a small cortical-thickness correction) dimensionless exponent	W ∝ G^(4/3)	4/3 (less a small cortical-thickness correction)	dimensionless exponent	white vs grey matter, mammals, several orders of magnitude	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Zhang & Sejnowski 2000, PNAS 97:5621–5626	A mammalian dataset fitting a materially different exponent.
CN12-22	CN-12	V_wire ∝ R⁶ = 6 dimensionless exponent	V_wire ∝ R⁶	6	dimensionless exponent	crude model: wiring volume to hold τ fixed as R grows; assumes fixed fraction of long-range neurons, linear v(d), spherical brain	MODELED	Computed in-chapter; cf. Zhang & Sejnowski's more careful 4/3 derivation	The assumptions — chiefly fixed fraction of long-range neurons, which modular brains violate by design.
CN12-23	CN-12	L_crossbrain = ~0.1 m	L_crossbrain	~0.1	m	human cross-brain path, order-of-magnitude	NOT-SOURCED	estimate only	Measure a callosal path length.
CN12-24	CN-12	N_neur,human = 86 × 10⁹ (cortex ~16 × 10⁹) neurons	N_neur,human	86 × 10⁹ (cortex ~16 × 10⁹)	neurons	human brain, isotropic fractionator	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Azevedo et al. 2009, J Comp Neurol 513(5):532–541	Independent count >2× off.
CN12-25	CN-12	N_neur,elephant = 257 × 10⁹ total; 251 × 10⁹ (97.5%) in cerebellum; cortex 5.6 × 10⁹ neurons	N_neur,elephant	257 × 10⁹ total; 251 × 10⁹ (97.5%) in cerebellum; cortex 5.6 × 10⁹	neurons	African elephant	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Herculano-Houzel et al. 2014, Front Neuroanat 8:46	Independent count >2× off.
CN12-26	CN-12	N_neocort,pilot whale = ~37.2 × 10⁹ neocortical neurons	N_neocort,pilot whale	~37.2 × 10⁹	neocortical neurons	long-finned pilot whale — ~2× the human figure	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Mortensen et al. 2014, Front Neuroanat 8:132	Independent count >2× off.
CN12-27	CN-12	neuron count ⇒ cognition — no value carried	neuron count ⇒ cognition	—	—	Herculano-Houzel 2014 and Mortensen 2014 draw opposite conclusions from compatible counts	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Herculano-Houzel et al. 2014; Mortensen et al. 2014	A measure resolving both under one framework. Do not average.
CN12-28	CN-12	EQ as predictor = not strongly correlated with cognitive performance; absolute brain size predicts best; no neocortex advantage	EQ as predictor	not strongly correlated with cognitive performance; absolute brain size predicts best; no neocortex advantage	—	meta-analysis across non-human primates	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Deaner, Isler, Burkart & van Schaik 2007, Brain Behav Evol 70(2):115–124	An independent primate meta-analysis where EQ outperforms absolute size.
CN12-29	CN-12	EQ constants — no value carried	EQ constants	—	—	fitted exponent + coefficient are choices; EQ undefined until declared	NOT-SOURCED in this pass	Jerison 1973 not fetched	Fetch Jerison 1973 and read the fitted allometry.
CN12-30	CN-12	B_sensory = ~10⁹ bits/s	B_sensory	~10⁹	bits/s	human sensory data-gathering	MODELED	Zheng & Meister 2025, Neuron 113(2)	Recompute from receptor counts and rates.
CN12-31	CN-12	B_behaviour = ~10 bits/s	B_behaviour	~10	bits/s	human behavioural throughput — a literature synthesis, not a new experiment: same paper and same method as B_sensory	MODELED-CONTESTED	Zheng & Meister 2025, Neuron 113(2) (Perspective); contested by Sauerbrei & Pruszynski 2025, Nat Neurosci ('The brain works at more than 10 bits per second')	Carry both. A measure reconciling cognitive throughput and motor control under one accounting.
CN12-32	CN-12	'40–60 bits/s' conscious bandwidth = do not quote as fact bits/s	'40–60 bits/s' conscious bandwidth	do not quote as fact	bits/s	value drifts 16/20/40/60 across retellings of one estimate	INADMISSIBLE as a measurement (admissible as an estimate, attributed)	Zimmermann via Nørretranders 1991, The User Illusion	Locate the primary experiment and its stated CI.
CN12-33	CN-12	expensive-tissue hypothesis = brain size not negatively correlated with gut (or any expensive organ) across 100 mammals / 23 primates, controlling fat-free body mass; brain is negatively correlated with adipose depots	expensive-tissue hypothesis	brain size not negatively correlated with gut (or any expensive organ) across 100 mammals / 23 primates, controlling fat-free body mass; brain is negatively correlated with adipose depots	—	mammals	OBSERVED-CONTESTED	Aiello & Wheeler 1995, Curr Anthropol 36(2):199–221 (proposed); Navarrete, van Schaik & Isler 2011, Nature 480:91–93 (disconfirmed in mammals); Liao et al. 2016, Am Nat 188(6):693–700 (supported within 30 anurans)	Resolve the taxon split. Do not cite Aiello & Wheeler without Navarrete et al.
CN12-34	CN-12	n_gen,Rice&Salt 1988 = 25 generations	n_gen,Rice&Salt 1988	25	generations	D. melanogaster, disruptive selection on habitat preference → pre-zygotic isolation	OBSERVED-SINGLE (count secondary-sourced in this pass — primary paywalled)	Rice & Salt 1988, Am Nat 131:911–917 (DOI 10.1086/284831); count per TalkOrigins speciation FAQ and Wikipedia, which agree	Fetch Rice & Salt 1988 and read the stated count; a primary count ≠ 25.
CN12-35	CN-12	n_gen,Rice&Salt 1990 = 35 generations	n_gen,Rice&Salt 1990	35	generations	D. melanogaster, complex habitat maze, sympatric; complete reproductive isolation as a correlated character	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Rice & Salt 1990, Evolution 44:1140–1152 — the paper's own abstract states a 35-generation experiment (PMID 28563894)	Replicated failure under equivalent selection; a primary count ≠ 35.
CN12-36	CN-12	n_gen,Rice&Salt as one merged figure — no value carried	n_gen,Rice&Salt as one merged figure	—	—	the 1988 and 1990 experiments ran different lengths under different designs	INADMISSIBLE — do not merge	—	Any single generation count offered for 'the Rice & Salt experiment' without naming which of 1988 / 1990 it belongs to.
CN12-37	CN-12	N_FlyWire = 139,255 neurons; >50 × 10⁶ synapses	N_FlyWire	139,255 neurons; >50 × 10⁶ synapses	—	complete adult Drosophila connectome, proofread	OBSERVED-REPLICATED	Dorkenwald et al. 2024, Nature	Independent reconstruction differing materially.
CN12-38	CN-12	'more evolved' — no value carried	'more evolved'	—	—	no environment-independent scalar exists	INADMISSIBLE	Gould 1996, Full House	Specify an environment-independent measurable. None is known.
CN12-39	CN-12	degree of internal generative model — no value carried	degree of internal generative model	—	—	as a scalar, for any organism	NOT-MEASURED	—	Define it operationally and measure it on two species.
CN12-40	CN-12	doctrine row 'D3-08' — no value carried	doctrine row 'D3-08'	—	—	cited in this chapter's commissioning brief	NOT-LOCATED	grep of uni-onchip/design/ found no such row	Produce the row, or correct the citation to the located rows (10-DOCTRINA-V2.md:461, :267; 12-FALSIFIERS-V2.md:15; D6-R7).
CN12-41	CN-12	anima in silicio? / silicium ut aqua? — no value carried	anima in silicio? / silicium ut aqua?	—	—	QUAESTIONES APERTAE register, extra Arborem	NONDUM FALSIFICABILIS (register status; carried, not classed)	uni-onchip/design/11-VALIDATIO-RECEIPT.md:21	None offered. That is why they are in a register and not a ledger.

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5. Counts by class

Total rows: 919, across 23 chapters (NA-00…NA-10, CN-01…CN-12).

Counted 2026-07-15, post-amendment, by ../tools/verify_class_vocabulary.py. Every number below is machine-counted from the rows in §4, not asserted. Re-run the verifier and it must reproduce them exactly; if it does not, this section is wrong and the rows win.

5.1 By class (all twelve registered classes)

Rows are counted at their leading class token (the compound-row convention, §1).

Group A — measured

Class	Rows	% of ledger
OBSERVED-REPLICATED	438	47.7%
OBSERVED-SINGLE	42	4.6%
OBSERVED-CONTESTED	98	10.7%
— group A subtotal —	578	62.9%

Group B — derived

Class	Rows	% of ledger
MODELED	251	27.3%
MODELED-CONTESTED	1	0.1%
HYPOTHESIZED	5	0.5%
— group B subtotal —	257	28.0%

Group C — fenced

Class	Rows	% of ledger
INADMISSIBLE	16	1.7%
SUPERSEDED	3	0.3%
NOT-MEASURED	39	4.2%
NOT-SOURCED	20	2.2%
NOT-CONFIRMED	1	0.1%
NOT-LOCATED	1	0.1%
— group C subtotal —	80	8.7%

Carried, not classed (the four named rows of §1 — not a class, and deliberately not counted as one)

	Rows	% of ledger
NA03-16 · CN04-22 · CN11-59 · CN12-41	4	0.4%

Reconciliation — 578 + 257 + 80 + 4 = 919.

5.2 Out-of-vocabulary rows — 0 of 919

	Rows
Rows carrying a class string outside the registered vocabulary	0
Rows placed in a registered class	915
Rows registered as deliberately unclassed	4
— total —	919

This section previously carried a table of 72 out-of-vocabulary rows (the defect, §3). Where those 72 went, in full:

Was written as	Rows	Now
OBSERVED (bare / unreplicated)	42	re-classed → OBSERVED-SINGLE
NOT-SOURCED	20	registered as-is → NOT-SOURCED (1 cell re-ordered to lead with the token)
NEGATIVE	3	re-classed → SUPERSEDED (the token NEGATIVE is UNI-side; §3)
MODELED-CONTESTED	1	registered as-is
NOT-CONFIRMED	1	registered as-is
NOT-LOCATED	1	registered as-is
HONEST-class	1	not a NATURA class — CN11-59, an HONEST signal, never calibrated
NONDUM FALSIFICABILIS	1	not a class — CN12-41, a register status, extra Arborem
no class carried	1	deliberately unclassed — CN04-22, a prediction, not a measurement
no evidence class (definitional convention)	1	deliberately unclassed — NA03-16, definitional
— total —	72	68 registered + 4 deliberately unclassed

The arithmetic that shows nothing was invented: the six canonical classes totalled 847 as published at §5.1 before the amendment, and total 847 after. Every re-class relabelled a row that was already outside the six, to the class that was always true of it. Not one row changed evidentiary standing; not one row left the six. No value, source, or falsifier changed in any row — machine-checked across all 919 rows and all 10 columns.

The one counting subtlety, disclosed. Under a strict leading-token count the old text yields 846, not 847. The single difference is CN05-31, whose class cell read "rung MODELED; overall band OBSERVED-REPLICATED" — a compound that does not begin with a class token and so does not parse mechanically. The published §5.1 counted it at MODELED anyway (its 251 included it), which is why the published subtotal was 847. The amendment re-ordered the cell to "MODELED (the ladder rung); OBSERVED-REPLICATED (the overall band)" so that it parses as what it was always counted as. Value, source, falsifier and evidentiary standing are untouched; only word order moved. This is printed because a subtotal that looks stable at 847 under one rule and moves 846→847 under another must have the difference named — otherwise the stability is an illusion the reader has no way to audit, and this ledger would be asserting its own correctness rather than showing it.

5.3 Rows per chapter

Chapter	Rows	Chapter	Rows
NA-00	17	CN-02	45
NA-01	18	CN-03	80
NA-02	11	CN-04	45
NA-03	16	CN-05	62
NA-04	14	CN-06	39
NA-05	47	CN-07	38
NA-06	24	CN-08	56
NA-07	30	CN-09	67
NA-08	49	CN-10	53
NA-09	18	CN-11	59
NA-10	47	CN-12	41
CN-01	43

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6. Standing fences carried from the wing

• RES IPSAE, NON SIMULACRA. Every value carries a real citation, or it is written NOT-MEASURED. There is no third state. A plausible-sounding number with no source is the worst defect available in this wing.
• Every numeric claim carries value + units + scope + class + source + falsifier. A number without units or scope is a defect. A rate without its condition is not a number.
• SIGNUM SIGNUM MANET. The measured value and the commentary about it travel separately.
• TRUE vs HONEST stay sovereign. A chakra-frequency table is INADMISSIBLE as physics and may be recorded as an HONEST/cultural signal — never as a TRUE/measured one, and never converted. CN-11's first-person testimony row is the wing's only HONEST-class row and is never calibrated.
• Nature as authority, stated precisely: nature is the authority because it has already run the experiment — a long parallel search under real physical constraints in which the failures were deleted. Convergence is evidence of a constraint-optimum.
• The mandatory counterweight, travelling with it everywhere: Gould & Lewontin (1979), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 205(1161):581–598 — not every trait is an adaptation. Therefore "nature does it this way" is a hypothesis generator, never a proof, and a biomimetic design must still beat a tuned conventional baseline on a pre-registered metric (rule M7) or be recorded NEGATIVE.
• QUAESTIO-APERTA. "Full human" and "beyond human" are permanent open questions — never a target, never a milestone, never a deliverable. See CN-12 and §7 of the machine twin.

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7. Machine-readable twin

../gpt/knowledge/K20-constants-ratios-and-nature-ledger.json carries the categorised view of this ledger — constants, dimensionless numbers, scaling laws, frequencies, inadmissible claims, and open questions — with every entry tracing to its chapter. Both files are generated from one extraction pass and cannot disagree.

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Every row is falsifiable at its own row. Any row whose cited source does not contain its value is a defect: report it and the row is corrected or demoted to NOT-MEASURED.